OTHER NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

Several other nitrogen compounds are commercially important, and some of these compounds will be summarized in this chapter. 

Wheat contains glutathione and cysteine in the free state as thiol confounds (GSH, CSH), in the oxidized forms (GSSG, CSSC) and in the protein-bound forms (GSSP and CSSP) (Table 15.26). Reduction of GSSP and CSSP releases GSH and CSH respectively, e. g., with dithioerythritol. 

It has been shown that glutathione is predominantly localized in the germ and in the aleu-rone layer. Therefore its concentration in flour increases as the extraction grade increases (Table 15.27). 

During dough making, GSH reacts very quickly undergoing disulfide interchange with the flour proteins PSSP  

If high-molecular gluten proteins are cleaved, the viscosity of the dough drops. Rheological meas- 

The major carbohydrate storage form of cereals, starch (cf. Table 15.6) occurs only in the en- 

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Other Nitrogen Compounds. The basis of the sophisticated nitrogen compounds Hsted in Table 10 is the reaction of formaldehyde with amino compounds. A significant amount of Hterature details investigation of the mechanism of action, particularly whether or not the antimicrobial activity depends on decomposition to formaldehyde (40—42). These compounds tend to have substantial water solubiUty and are more effective against bacteria than fungi and yeasts. Key markets for these compounds are metalworking fluids, cosmetics, and in-can preservation of paints (see Alkanolamines Amines, fatty amines). 

Biosynthesis of Protein. The dynamic equilibrium of body protein was confirmed by animal experiments using A/-labeled amino acids in 1939 (104). The human body is maintained by a continuous equilibrium between the biosynthesis of proteins and their degradative metabolism where the nitrogen lost as urea (about 85% of total excreted nitrogen) and other nitrogen compounds is about 12 g/d under ordinary conditions. The details of protein biosynthesis in living cells have been described (2,6) (see also Proteins). 

Industrial. Nitric acid is itself the starting material for ammonium nitrate, nitroglycerin [55-63-0] trinitrotoluene [118-96-7]., nitroceUulose [9004-70-0] and other nitrogen compounds used in the manufacture of explosives (see Explosives and propellants). Nitric acid is made by oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen dioxide [10102-44-0] which is subsequently absorbed by water. 

Hypochlorous acid reacts very rapidly and quantitatively with a slight excess of free ammonia forming monochloramine, NH2CI, which reacts at a slower rate with additional HOCl forming dichloramine, NHCI2. Trichloramine is formed when three moles of HOCl are added per mole of ammonia between pH 3—4 (100). Hypochlorous acid in the form of chlorine or hypochlorite is used in water treatments to oxidize ammonia by the process of break-point chlorination, which is based on formation of unstable dichloramine. The instabiHty of NHCI2 is caused by presence of HOCl and NCl (101,102). The reaction is most rapid at a pH of about 7.5 (103). Other nitrogen compounds such as urea, creatinine, and amino acids are also oxidized by hypochlorous acid, but at slower rates. Unstable iV-chloro compounds are intermediates in deammination of amino acids (104,105). 

Oxides of sulphur and other sulphur compounds Oxides of nitrogen and other nitrogen compounds Oxides of carbon... 

Other nitrogen compounds, among them hydroxylamine, hydrazines, and amides (15-9), also add to alkenes. Even with amines, basic catalysts are sometimes used, so that RNH or R2N is the actual nucleophile. Tertiary amines (except those that are too bulky) add to Michael-type substrates in a reaction that is catalyzed by acids like HCl or HNO3 to give the corresponding quaternary ammonium salts. " ... 

Addition of NOCl and other nitrogen compounds to alkenes... 

In addition to nitrate and other nitrogen compounds, guano contains phosphate and potassium, thus making it a good fertilizer. Deposits of guano were discovered and studied by Alexander von Humboldt in 1802 [11], This source of fertilizer had thus been known for some time before the development of the Haber process for producing ammonia. However, guano was and is limited and unsustainable as a source of fertilizer for crops, particularly on a worldwide basis. 

Other Compounds The effect of other compounds (such as those containing nitrogen) on PAFC performance has been adequately reviewed by Benjamin et al. (35). Molecular nitrogen acts as a diluent but other nitrogen compounds (e.g., NH3, HCN, NOx) may not be as innocuous. NH3 in the fuel or oxidant gases reacts with H3PO4 to form a phosphate salt, (NH4)H2P04,... 

Nearly 80% of the atmosphere consists of elemental nitrogen. This nitrogen, collected from different altitudes, exhibits a constant isotopic composition (Dole et al. 1954 Sweeney et al. 1978) and represents the zero-point of the naturally occurring isotope variations. Besides the overwhelming predominance of elemental nitrogen, there are various other nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere, which play a key role in atmospheric pollution and determining the acidity of precipitation. 

X.X Acting on other nitrogenous compounds incorporation of two atoms of... 

Although not nearly so important as the other nitrogen compounds, ammonium sulfate is still in the top 50 and is important in the fertilizer industry. Most of it is synthesized by the direct reaction of ammonia and sulfuric acid. Water is removed by evaporation and the product is crystallized to large, white uniform crystals, mp 513°C dec. 

Manganese(II) chloride forms adducts with ammonia, hydroxylamine and many other nitrogen compounds. Many adducts are stable at ordinary temperatures. Examples are MnCb BNHs and MnCE 2NH2OH. 

Osaka etal. [172] have also studied the adsorption structures of acrylonitrile on Ag(lll) and Ag(llO) surfaces using IR reflection/absorption spectroscopy. Other nitrogen compounds are discussed in the section devoted to biochemically important compounds. 

In view of the general applicability of dinitrogen tetroxide as a nitrosating agent for amides, the application of this reagent for reaction with other nitrogen compounds is strongly indicated. 

The other nitrogen compounds which are nonbasic, and are not extracted from hydrocarbons by dilute acid, have not been investigated in detail, though there are indications that they contain pyrroles. In addition, it is possible that some part of the nitrogen in this material is present in the form of amides, derived from primary or secondary amines and petroleum acids. 

A very good picture of some of the properties of hydrogen compounds can be obtained with the aid of an electrostatic model, but we must be careful not to conclude that all the hydrogen compounds are therefore ionic in character. In addition to NHS, there are two other nitrogen compounds, hydrazine H2NNH2 and hydroxylamine NH2OH, which have properties not fundamentally dissimilar to those of ammonia. It is not possible to devise a plausible electrostatic model for these compounds because of the bond between like atoms. In addition to water there is also the compound hydrogen... 

Addition of NOC1 and other nitrogen compounds to olefins 5-40 Addition of N204 and other nitrogen compounds to olefins... 

Amino Acids Amino acids that enter the liver follow several important metabolic routes (Fig. 23-14). (1) They are precursors for protein synthesis, a process discussed in Chapter 27. The liver constantly renews its own proteins, which have a relatively high turnover rate (average half-life of only a few days), and is also the site of biosynthesis of most plasma proteins. (2) Alternatively amino acids pass in the bloodstream to other organs, to be used in the synthesis of tissue proteins. (3) Other amino acids are precursors in the biosynthesis of nucleotides, hormones, and other nitrogenous compounds in the liver and other tissues. 

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