Types of Hazard

Standards For the management of specific hazardous wastes and specific types of hazardous waste management facihties (Part 266)... 

Assign responsibilities and authority at plant and headquarters for tbe storage, coUection, treatment, and disposal of all types of hazardous wastes. 

Fire or explosion hazards require special motor enclosures. Hazards include combustible gases and vapors such as gasoline dust such as coal, flour, or metals that can explode when suspended in air and fibers such as textile lint. The land of motor enclosure used depends on the type of hazard, the type and size of motor, and the probability of a hazardous condition occurring. Some available enclosures are explosionproof motors, which can withstand an internal explosion force-ventilated motors cooled with air from a safe location and totallv enclosed motors cooled bv air-to-water heat exchangers and pressurized with safe air, instrument air, or inert gas,... 

Typical results from the various types of hazard evaluation techniques. 

The accuracy of absolute risk results depends on (1) whether all the significant contributors to risk have been analyzed, (2) the realism of the mathematical models used to predict failure characteristics and accident phenomena, and (3) the statistical uncertainty associated with the various input data. The achievable accuracy of absolute risk results is very dependent on the type of hazard being analyzed. In studies where the dominant risk contributors can be calibrated with ample historical data (e.g., the risk of an engine failure causing an airplane crash), the uncertainty can be reduced to a few percent. However, many authors of published studies and other expert practitioners have recognized that uncertainties can be greater than 1 to 2 orders of magnitude in studies whose major contributors are rare, catastrophic events. 

If the probability of worker injury or death because of participation in a given work-related activity can be shown to be much less than the risk of injury or death associated with presently accepted activities under very similar circumstances (e.g., the same type of hazard), then you may feel more comfortable about accepting the status quo. Table 14 illustrates the types of public mortality data available for such comparisons. In the previous example, where the worker risk was calculated as 2 X 10 fatalities... 

Table 28-1 indicates the four main types of hazardous material, with examples of substances of each type. Not presented in Table 28-1 are radioactive materials, which are considered as a separate type of hazardous waste (5). 

The type of hazard - determines the method and rate of applieation, e.g. by fixed pouters,... 

Table 4.1 is a representative list of the types of hazards and hazardous events that research chemists are attempting to address in searching for the best chemistry. Some key factors to consider relative to process hazards include ... 

The represents a reference to notes. These notes should be sufficiently complete to highlight the type of hazard and the degree (extent, severity) of the hazard. 

Appropriate spacing of unit operations within a process and appropriate spacing of a process from other processes, from employees nonessential to day-to-day process operation, and from the public is inherently safer. A definition of appropriate spacing would assist in evaluating the process location alternatives. This definition may take the form of a table of distances as a function of the type of hazard, inventory quantity and other factors. 

The amount and type of hazards will determine the performance standard specified in site-specific control plans. This includes the content, detail, and formality of review. The approval of the plans is based on risk and hazard potential. Using the hazard-based approach, levels of risk or methods to rank risk (degree) are standardized. 

In most cases, physical hazards are easy to identify. Let s consider housekeeping items. These items can contribute to slip, trip, and fall hazards. Most people are comfortable in observing and fixing these types of hazards, especially after an accident occurs. After all, you can easily see these types of hazards. The accident occurrence is also easy to envision. 

Each worksite may use various kinds of monitoring instrumentation to identify and measure levels of different types of hazards that may be present. These are discussed in greater detail in the next section. 

Organizing and analyzing the data and seleeting PPE based on the type of hazards, the level of risk, and the seriousness of potential harm from eaeh identified hazard... 

After the hazard assessment has been conducted and the data has been collected, it should be organized in a logical outline that will estimate the potential for employee injury The organized data will help to decide the type of hazard(s) involved, the level of risk, and the seriousness of potential injury The appropriate levels of PPE are then selected based on the hazard determination and the availability of PPE. The user should be properly fitted for the specified PPE, and the employer should make sure that it is comfortable to wear. Hazard reassessments should be conducted as necessary based on the introduction of new or revised processes, equipment, and accident experience, to ensure the continued suitability of selection of the proper PPE. 

The new hand protection standard resulted from OSHA s belief that many hand injuries result from not wearing hand protection or wearing protection for the wrong type of hazards. Employers should evaluate and provide hand protection when there are hazards to hands from absorption of harmful substances, severe cuts or lacerations, severe abrasions, punctures, chemical burns, thermal burns, and harmful temperature extremes. 

To eontrol these types of hazards, employers need to develop the neeessary expertise, experienee, judgement, and initiative within their workforee to properly implement and maintain an effeetive proeess safety management program as envisioned in the Oeeupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard. 

Thermo-diffusion calculations analyze the migration of hazardous material from compartment to compartment to release in containment. These calculations use physico-chemical parameters to predict the retention of hazardous materials by filtration, deposition on cold surfaces and other retention processes in the operation. Containment event trees aid in determining the amount, duration and types of hazardous material that leaves the containment. 

Column 7 lists the type of hazard that is being considered. If the chemical i s toxic then the release and dispersion to the workers and public is the hazard. 

Focuses on one area or operation, and many types ol hazards Broad review of many areas or operations, many types of hazards Focuses on a specific type rif hn/ard... 

Hazard assessment findings are similar to audits, in that they are periodic measures. Hazard assessments might include Hazard and Operability (HA-ZOP) studies, What-If/Checklists, Fault Tree Analyses, or other techniques. The results of these studies will indicate what types of hazards exist and whether or not these hazards are sufficiently controlled. 

Proper application of an event hazard evaluation teclmique also requires a sound knowledge of the types of hazards involved within die system. Tlie design engineer should develop a list sunuiiarizing die types of hazards diat warrant fiulher evaluation within die system. Tliis list could take die following hazards into account ... 

After tlie system has been defined, a hazard evaluation technique can be used to identify different types of hazards within tlie system components and to propose possible solutions to eliminate the hazards. This topic is treated in more detail in the next t o chapters. These procedures are e.xtremely useful in identifying system modes and failures that can contribute to the occurrence of accidents diey should be an integral part of different phases of process development from conceptual design to installation, operation, and maintenance. The hazard evaluation tecliniques tliat are useful in tlie preliminary and detailed stages of tlie design process include ... 

TYPES OF HAZARD / EXPOSURE ACUTE HAZARDS / SYMPTOMS PREVENTION FIRST AID / FIRE FIGHTING... 

EPA. 1993a. Standards for the management of hazardous waste and specific types of hazardous waste facilities. Health-based limits for exclusion of waste-derived residues. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Eederal Regulations. 40 CER 266, Subpart H. Appendix VII. 

Safety signs of approved types, available from laboratory supply houses and safety equipment dealers, should be posted in appropriate spots. The door leading out of the laboratory should be marked EXIT, while the door to a back room should be marked NO EXIT. The location of a fire extinguisher must be clearly marked. Signs are available for every type of hazard. Homemade signs not conforming to official standards should not be considered. 

Hazardous Goods International regulations that specify how and in what way all types of hazardous materials can be transported... 

Decision as to possible health hazards in mass production preliminary information on type of hazard which might exist in mass manufacture Safety of equipment necessity for ventilation, safe atmospheric concentration selection of suitable physical protective devices for workers (respirators, protective clothing, showers) procedure for medical treatment in emergency if this requires special equipment Decision as to health services needed at plant plan of preventive medicine (including selection of workers according to expected degree of exposure and methods of periodic check on health)... 

As mentioned above, interim status BIFs must be operated much in the same way as those facilities with permits. As with permitted BIFs, owners/operators of interim status BIFs must comply with all applicable TSDF regulations in Part 265. In addition, because interim status facilities have not yet conducted trial burns to ensure compliance with the standards, U.S. EPA has placed some restrictions on their use and what types of hazardous waste these facilities may burn. These restrictions are discussed below. 

U.S. EPA, Standards for the Management of Specific Hazardous Wastes and Specific Types of Hazardous Waste Management Facilities, Hazardous Waste Burned in Boilers and Industrial Furnaces, 40 CFR Part 266, Subpart H, GPO, November 2008. Available at http //ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx c= ecfr Sid=8268e2678cl3ad85b7c08edcfld43927 rgn=div5 view=text node=40 26.0.1.1.1 idno=40 40 26.0.1.1.1.6. 

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