Physical protection

Physical protection systems to detect and deter the intrusion of unauthorized persons should be designed and installed during the construction of fuel storage facilities. The general requirements for these systems can be found in the documents. The Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material [14] and The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material [IS]. 

The operational requirements to control access effectively should consider a zoned approach working inward towards areas of greater security requirement in a structured manner. The detailed arrangements should form an integral part of plant management activities but should be divulged only on a controlled need-to-know basis. 

A progranune of verification of the effectiveness of the physical protection arrangements should be established. 

Interim spent fuel storage facilities should be considered to be operating facilities until all the spent fuel has been removed. 

After the stored spent fuel has been removed, the facility can be decommissioned by removing residual radioactive contamination and dismantling the facility, as provided for in the approved decommissioning plan. 

The operating organization should provide physical protection that prevents or deters unauthorized access, intrusion, theft, surface attack and internal or external sabotage of systems important to safety and nuclear materials. 

The operating organization should have plans and procednies in place to provide physical protection of the site through vehicle entrance and exit control, vehicle parking and traffic control and personnel access control. 

Protection against external or internal malevolent actions which conld jeopardize safety should be provided. Consideration should therefore be given to  

Appropriate physical protection arrangements should be implemented as soon as any plant items important to safety are received on the site, before commencement of commissioning, and in any case before the arrival of fuel on the site. Additional information on the physical protection of nuclear power plants and nuclear materials can be found in Ref. [16]. 

In the fight against CB threats, the battleground can be delineated in four areas. The first is physical protection for people and equipment. The second is detection and diagnostics of the threat location and nature. The goal of both of these is to evade the threat. If the threat cannot be avoided, the third battle is decontamination of equipment and infrastructure, and fourth is medical countermeasures for affected personnel. The potential for nanotechnology to aid these four thrusts is described in detail here. 

Efforts in this area include protective clothing, protective masks, air purification, and shelters. The effective level of protection and the capabilities of the fielded equipment will increasingly depend on the transition of new materials and processing concepts to manufacturing. Successful utilization of nanoscale materials technology is expected to result in a significant improvement in warfighter protection over that provided today. A number of scenarios in the four worlds of 2030 are shown in Fig. 3.1. 

Individual protection must provide protection from an ever-changing threat scenario, while maximizing the effectiveness of the individual warfighter. Chemical and biological threats are physically transmitted to the warfighter as aerosols, vapors, and liquids, or through direct contact with such contaminated materials as 

In a standoff against a peer competitor in the world of Dark Empires, missiles are launched against a Cruiser patrolling in international waters. Ballistic intercept destroys the first wave of traditional missiles the debris, however, disseminates a previously unknown chemical agent. Collective protection installed on the ship is equipped with reactive nanoporous intelligent material as part of a test system. The intelligent materials are able to respond to the unknown material and initiate protective response across the entire ship. 

It is compatible with protective gloves, footwear, and mask. This ensemble combination provides effective CB protection against percntaneous and respiratory exposure to all known CB threat agents. The JSLIST protects by adsorbing toxic agents onto high-surface-area carbon spheres. 

Appropriate measures shall be taken, in accordance with national laws and regulations, to prevent unauthorized actions, including acts of sabotage, that could jeopardize safety at research reactors and their associated facilities, and respond to such actions should they occur. 

International reconamendations on the physical protection of nuclear faeUities and nuclear material are provided in Ref. [24]. 

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Physical Protection of Plants and Materials, Code of Federal Regulations, Tide 10, Part 73, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., rev. Jan. 1, 1980. 

Toxic chemical munitions have unique characteristics in comparison to other weapons systems, reaching personnel both widely dispersed and concentrated in fortifications, ie, gases and aerosols are not bound by corners. These materials can penetrate crevices reaching personnel physically protected from high explosives. In addition, toxic chemicals are minimum-destmction weapons as regards matHriel (5). 

An important principle is that security must be built in depth - otherwise known as defense in depth. In this context, it may be helpful to think of security as a set of concentric rings, where the target is located at the center. Each ring represents a level of physical protection (perimeter fence, building shell, security case) but the number of rings and security resistance will vary relative to the risk. The spaces between the rings may represent other defensive measures such as closed-circuit television (CCTV), security lighting, intruder alarm systems, etc. 

The corrosion products may be soluble or insoluble. If insoluble, they usually reduce the rate of corrosion by isolating the substrate from the corrosive environment. Less commonly, they may stimulate corrosion by offering little physical protection while retaining moisture in contact with the metal surface for longer periods. 

The tapes are usually relatively thin (0-5 mm) and easily damaged. It is, therefore, essential to take elaborate precautions to provide physical protection to the tape once it has been applied both during construction and after burial. Good results have been obtained when the tape is applied by line travelling machine and without further handling, immediately lowered into a sand padded trench and covered over with fine sand before the trench is back filled. 

Soil type and structure also influence the dynamics of rhizosphere microbial populations. Whether nutrients are available for bacteria in the rhizosphere often depends on the sites in the soil where nutrients are present. Organic compounds tightly bound to the soil matrix are often less available for bacteria (226), and those present in smaller pore spaces can be physically protected against mineralization. However, disturbance of the soil often cau.ses these nutrients to become more available to soil microbes (227). 

Decision as to possible health hazards in mass production preliminary information on type of hazard which might exist in mass manufacture Safety of equipment necessity for ventilation, safe atmospheric concentration selection of suitable physical protective devices for workers (respirators, protective clothing, showers) procedure for medical treatment in emergency if this requires special equipment Decision as to health services needed at plant plan of preventive medicine (including selection of workers according to expected degree of exposure and methods of periodic check on health)... 

Sunblocks are opaque substances such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and iron oxide that protect by forming a shield on the skin, which reflects and scatters incident radiation. In essence, sunblocks provide physical protection against sun exposure, including both visible and ultraviolet light. Sunscreens are substances that chemically absorb ultraviolet light in the top layer of the epidermis, protecting the underlying layers. 

Gregorich EG, Drury CF, Ellert BH, Liang BC (1997b) Fertilization effects on physically protected light fraction organic matter. Soil Sci Soc Am J... 

Given such difficulties, it is not unsurprising that bioavailabilities below 1 per cent are often recorded in the context of oral biopharmaceutical drug delivery. Strategies pursued to improve bioavailability include physically protecting the drug via encapsulation and formulation as microemulsions/microparticulates, as well as inclusion of protease inhibitors and permeability... 

Traditionally, passive defence has been the preferred way to counter the BC-threat, however. Passive defence encompasses the whole array of measures that are available to the soldier detection and identification, physical protection, medical countermeasures and decontamination. 

In chemical industry infrastructure security, protection in depth is used to describe a layered security approach. A protection-in-depth strategy uses several forms of security techniques and/or devices against an intruder and does not rely on one single defensive mechanism to protect infrastructure. By implementing multiple layers of security, a hole or flaw in one layer is covered by the other layers. An intruder will have to intrude through each layer without being detected in the process—the layered approach implies that no matter how an intruder attempts to accomplish his goal, he will encounter effective elements of the physical protection system. 

Garcia, M. L. 2001. The design and evaluation of physical protection systems. Butterworth-Heinemann. 

Physically protected organic matter ( abiotic condensation or humification) T... 

Refractory blomacromolecules - ( ) > Refractory abiotic condensates (-physical protection)... 

Coat Physical protection of tablet Sugar, methylceUulose, cellulose acetate... 

The packaging must physically protect the product from the mechanical stresses of warehousing, handling and distribution. Mechanical stress may take a variety of forms, from impact through to vibration in transit and compression forces on stacking. The demands for mechanical protection will vary with product type glass ampoules will require greater protection than plastic eye drop bottles, for example. 

The U.S. government under President Nixon formally renounced any intention to use CBW weapons offensively. However, the United States has continued to devote resources to passive and active defensive measures against such weapons. Passive defenses include enhanced detection of CBW agents, decontamination, and physical protection of individuals and units. Active measures include the medical treatment of exposed individuals, mainly by pharmaceuti-... 

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