Accidents occurrence

In most cases, physical hazards are easy to identify. Let s consider housekeeping items. These items can contribute to slip, trip, and fall hazards. Most people are comfortable in observing and fixing these types of hazards, especially after an accident occurs. After all, you can easily see these types of hazards. The accident occurrence is also easy to envision. 

These accidents would have been prevented by 1) adequate process safety design, 2) proper-procedures to prevent the initiation, 3) hazard evaluation procedures to identify and correct Iia/.ards hc fure accident occurrence, and 4) containment systems to prevent release into the aimosphci c,... 

A safety campaign may only reduce the willingness of the worlcforce to report an accident rather than significantly reducing the underlying accident occurrences and hazards. 

Information on these factors is critical in establishing more general influences that impact indirectly but powerfully on the probability of an accident occurrence. 

Drug and alcohol influences will also contribute to an accidental event occurring. Locations where strict controls or testing for such influences have a relatively lower level of accident occurrences. 

Analysis in this area gives more conservative assessment of safety than the results obtained through the analysis under the first area in this case the probability of emergency events is assumed equal to 1. However under such approach the obtained numerical estimates are more reliable because the analysis excludes estimates of the probabilities of accident occurrence that is always a rather vulnerable point. 

Starting from the perspective on whether personal properties match and coordinate with machine performance and environmental situation, Thurley model thinks that the information on machinery and environment is continuously reflected to men s brain through their sensory organs if men can correctly get to know, understand, judge, make proper decision and give appropriate action, accident occurrence or injury to themselves or others by accident can be avoided. 

Heinrich law reflects a general rule between the frequency and the severity of accident, and also illustrates the randomness of accident severity or the severity lying on chance factors. Therefore, it s very difficult to control accident severity. In order to prevent major accidents, we should go all out to prevent accident occurrence, especially, attach great importance to near misses and other small accident records and reports (Wu Xu 2002). Because of small accident causing little loss, it is often easily overlooked, but it is actually a favorable indicator of the safety performance (Yu Wang 2004), which can provide comprehensive and timely feedback for safety management. 

Out of all kinds of methods of preventing accident, BBS (Behavior Based Safety) plays a significant role in the control and improvement of personal behavior, but the time it works lasts too long. BBS cannot satisfy the need of Chinese safety production, as far as the characteristic of instantaneity of accident occurrence and Chinese accident-prone situation are concerned. In fact, BBS is seldom used in Chinese coal mine in order to prevent accident and improve safety. 

Certainly, operator errors may be causal factors in accident occurrences. But, consider Ted Ferry s comments on this subject as expressed in Modern Accident Investigation and Analysis An Executive Guide. 

Kingsley Hendrick and Ludwig Benner, Jr. make similar comments about the cascading effect of events in accident occurrences in Investigating Accidents with Step. 

The several factors in the accident occurrence series are given in chronological order in the following listing ... 

Safety deals with stochastic events (for example, the moment of occurrence of an accident) and with stochastic boundary conditions (for example, the weather at the point in time of accident occurrence). This together with lack of knowledge on some of the phenomena to be treated and flaws in models and input data lead to uncertainties, which are often compensated by safety factors and lead to procedures based on conventions. This was already pointed out in Chap. 1. 

The result of these initiatives, together with the Rasmussen report and the TMI accident convinced many countries to give attention to severe accidents. Severe accident occurrence was introduced as a consideration in the design and operation of plants. 

For this DBA, the undesired event is release of the target from the transfer cask and target breach. Failure frequencies for the various nodes were developed from (Mahn et al. 1995) and (DOE 1996). The ET analysis diagram is shown in Figure 3E.1-2. This figure does not include a fire of the forklift fuel. The outcomes of the ET analysis In Figure 3E.1-2 are shown as eleven branches. The outcomes represent the following detailed accident occurrence scenarios. 

The outcomes of the event tree analysis in Figure 3E.3-1 are shown as four sequences. The outcomes represent the following detailed accident occurrence scenarios. 

Table 2. Status of large-scaled accident occurrence (As of 31st Dec 2007). 

In this account, we consider the use of empirical Bayes methods for rare events, as discussed in Quigley et al. (2007). Empirical Bayes methods have been applied in the fields of reliability (Sarhan 2003) and risk analysis (Martz et al. 1999) and are regularly used to analyse accident occurrence patterns in road safety applications (Persaud and Lyon 2007). Empirical Bayes models have been shown to perform well against full Bayes models (Camara andTsokos 1999), and even favourably when data is scarce (Vaurio and Jankala 2006, Srivastava and Kubokawa 2007). 

Many studies have shown that there are many factors that can be chosen as risk factors that increase the probability of accidents to occur and their severity. The correlation between any factor and road accidents means that they both increase and decrease simultaneously. For example, if an increase in speed causes an increase in road accidents it means both are correlated. The degree of such a correlation differs from factor to factor and is usually measured by using different statistical techniques and it ranges from zero to one. If one, it means the factor is highly correlated to road accidents and if zero there is no correlation at all. In this section I will not discuss these techniques in detail, but instead I focus on the results from several sources have been reviewed. I have tried to select recent studies demonstrating long international experience in this field. For example, the Handbook of Road Safety Measures (Elvik Vaa, 2004) provides a wide literature survey and meta-analysis of different road safety measures made in relation to accidents in different countries. I will provide a summary of the most important factors in relation to risk, exposure and consequences at the end of this section. However, I know that it is hard to identify all those macro-factors that have the potential to contribute to accident occurrence and consequences. In all approaches, the chosen factors should be relevant to the concept of road safety that one is seeking to measure. 

There are direct and indirect costs of an accident occurrence. Some examples of the direct costs are liability claims, compensation, and medical costs. 

Classifications of Medical Device Accidents and Medical Device Accident Occurrence Probability Estimation... 

The probability of an accident occurrence from the operation of a medical device can be estimated by using the following equation [21] ... 

Accident-bsised evaluation. The effect of a measure in one or many accidents is investigated. The effect on the whole accident occurrence in a particular area, e.g., a country, can be assessed. 

Hazard identification should be a procedure for new or modified operations, equipment or facilities. Someone must recognize any hazards introduced. Then procedures must evaluate hazards for severity and likelihood of accident occurrence. Procedures must identify suitable controls along with their potential effectiveness and cost. 

Finally, the definition of safety often understood within the standards relates to how engineers design roads as opposed to how individuals use them. Visibility splays, size and location of signs, and protection of street furniture all relate to the design speed on a new road. Ffowever, if road users perceive the road to be faster, they will drive it as such, sometimes leading to accident occurrence. 

There was no evidence (except for right-turn accidents) that the speed of approaching vehicles influenced accident occurrence. 

Research suggests a strong link between accident occurrence,... 

The Commission may direct the Executive or authorise any other person to investigate or make a special report on any accident, occurrence, situation or other matter for a general purpose or with a view to making regulations. 

A priority of features preventing accident occurrence design simplification ... 

Valuable results can often be obtained simply by tabulating accident data for the past two or three years and looking for patterns in accident occurrence. It is also worth trying to discover if there were no accidents for particular places, times, people, etc. since this can provide clues on nonreporting or effective risk control measures. 

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