Storage and Transportation

Because of its lower density, transportation of GH2 through pipelines requires more energy than does transportation of natural gas. Transportation of compressed GH2 by trucks is inefficient, because the trucks can hold only about 400 kg of H2. Therefore, a busy gas station could require 10-20 deliveries of GH2 each day, whereas if LH2 is used, a single delivery would suffice. 

Safety is another important consideration. The experience gained by the daily production, transportation, and use of 9 billion cubic feet of H2 (in the United States) in space exploration and other industries made the storage, transportation, and handling of H2 reasonably safe. The design of hydrogen 

Post-Oil Energy Technology After the Age of Fossil Fuels 

Super-Insulation -Level Probe Filling Line —s 

Hydrogen generation, storage, and bulk distribution systems. (Courtesy of Praxair, Inc.) 

Petroleum products are transported by tankers, pipelines, railway tank cars, and tank trucks. The outside submerged surfaces of tankers and the outside surfaces of underground and underwater pipelines are protected by coatings and by using cathodic protection. Cathodic protection is also applied to the inside of tankers to prevent corrosion by seawater used for washing or ballast. 

Gasoline-carrying tankers present a more severe internal corrosion problem than oil tanks because the gasoline keeps the metal too clean. Oil leaves a film that affords some protection. Tank cars and tank trucks are coated on the outside for atmospheric corrosion. 

Internal corrosion of storage tanks is due chiefly to water, which settles and remains on the bottom. Coatings and cathodic protection should be used. Alkaline sodium chromate (or sodium nitrate) is an effective inhibitor of corrosion for domestic fuel oil tanks. 

Internal corrosion of product pipelines can be controlled with linings and inhibitors (a few parts per milhon) such as amines and nitrites. Ingenious methods for lining pipehnes in place underground have also been developed. 

Internal corrosion of sour gas pipelines should be controlled by suitable inhibitors that are injected continuously or periodically, depending on the type of inhibitor. 

The majority of the carbon black produced is shipped as bulk material (up to 80%) the rest is handled in bags. Generally, the large stocks of pelletized furnace blacks for 

Gas cylinders should also be protected from very low temperatures (-20°F) since many are constructed of the t5 e of steel that loses impact-resistance at very low temperatures. The names of the gases being stored should be prominently posted at the storage locations. The storage area should be secure to prevent vandalism or tampering by unauthorized personnel. 

Toluene discoloration ISO 3858 ASTM D 1618 light absorption (transmission) of a toluene solution of the extracted material 

Ash content % ASTM D 1506 DIN 53586 amount of noncombustible material after burning the carbon black at 675 °C (DIN) resp. 550 °C (ASTM, DIN) 

Sieve residue ASTM D 1514 DIN ISO 787/18 amount of coarse impurities that cannot be purged through a testing sieve by water 

Pour density g/L ASTM D 1513 DIN 53912 measure for the densification of carbon black 

Tamped density g/L DIN ISO 787/11 similar to bulk density however, void volume is reduced by tamping 

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The water content of crude oils at the wellhead is usually small as shown in Table 8.12 it generally increases during transport and storage and can attain 3%. 

Many compounds explode when triggered by a suitable stimulus however, most are either too sensitive or fail to meet cost and production-scale standards, requirements for safety in transportation, and storage stability. Propellants and explosives in large-scale use are based mosdy on a relatively small number of well-proven iagredients. Propellants and explosives for military systems are manufactured ia the United States primarily ia government owned plants where they are also loaded iato munitions. Composite propellants for large rockets are produced mainly by private iadustry, as are small arms propellants for sporting weapons. 

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) also plays a large role in both the transportation and storage of natural gas. At a pressure of 101.3 kPa (1 atm), methane can be Hquefted by reducing the temperature to about — 161°C. When in the Hquid form, methane occupies approximately 1/600 of the space occupied by gaseous methane at normal temperature and pressure. In spite of the very low temperature of the Hquid, LNG offers advantages for both shipping and storing natural gas. 

Dry Milk. Dry milk provides long-term storage capabHities, suppHes a product that can be used for food manufacturing operations, and because of its reduced volume and weight, transportation and storage costs are reduced. Dry milk has been used for manufactured products, but is used to a much greater extent for beverage products. Its properties are Hsted in Table 15. 

In addition to encompassing all of the unit operations in the plant, the plant flow sheets may also include materials handling operations associated with the transport and storage of materials in and around the mill. Typically, flow sheets provide quantitative information regarding water and slurry flows, toimages, and assays. 

The mature Haber-Bosch technology is unlikely to change substantiaHy in the foreseeable future. The centers for commercial ammonia production may, however, relocate to sites where large quantities of natural gas are flared from cmde oil production, eg, Saudi Arabia or Venezuela. Relocation would not offset the problems for agriculture of high transportation and storage costs for ammonia production and distribution. Whereas the development of improved lower temperature and pressure catalysts is feasible, none is on the horizon as of this writing. 

Mild steel can be used for transport and storage if product discoloration is not a problem, such as in gas conditioning appHcations. Contact with copper, brass, and other copper alloys may cause corrosion of the metal. 

The NRC has developed special procedures for the handling, transportation, and storage of nuclear fuel because radioactivity can be a health hazard if not properly shielded. Spent fuel is typically transported by rail or tmck in heavily shielded (Type B), sealed, thick metal shipping containers designed to withstand possible accidents, such as derailments or coHisions, which may occur during transport. The NRC certifies that each shipping container meets federal requirements. The U.S. Department of Transportation sets the rules for transportation. 

Succinic acid and succinic anhydride are sold in 25-kg net polyethylene (PE) bags having cardboard box protection for the anhydride, in 70-liter (50-kg net) fiber dmms, and in 55-gaHon (275-lb 125-kg net) dmms. The two products must be stored in a fresh, dry, ventilated area. Succinic anhydride must be carefully protected from moisture during transportation and storage to avoid hydrolysis to succinic acid. 

Treatment with sulfuric acid and fractional distillation are the main methods used to purify bromine. It is especially important to reduce the water content to less than 30 ppm to prevent corrosion of metal transportation and storage containers. 

George W. Gassman, Paul J. Schajhuch, Thomas J. McAvoy, Dale E. Seborg Process Economics F. A. Holland, J. K Wilkinson Transport and Storage of Fluids Meherwan P. Boyce Heat-Transfer Equipment Richard L. Shilling, Kenneth J. Bell,... 

Meherwan P. Boyce, P.E., Ph.D., President, Boyce Engineering International ASME Fellow Registered Professional Engineer (Texas, Oklalioma) (Section 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids Section 29, Process Macliinery Drives)... 

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