Bulk distribution

This surface potential decreases with the distance in the double layer to reach a zero value at the bulk distribution of ions in the capillary. The potential drop is exponential and can be expressed according to Gouy—Chapman as... 

The 200-liter (55-gal) drums are the most common and work very well with bulk distribution equipment. Drums have two 2-in. openings that mate via threaded fittings with sealed dispense heads and sealed stirrer connections that minimize loss of water or other volatile components and minimize entry of foreign contaminants. All connections, including the drum hole caps, should be thoroughly cleaned to prevent dried slurry from falling into the drum. The need for stirring is very dependent on the type of slurry and will be covered later. 

The 1000-liter (265-gal) totes are common for some well-suspended slurries and also work very well with bulk distribution equipment. Slurries that settle hard and require vigorous agitation for redispersion are not suitable for packaging in totes, since it is very difficult to reliably redisperse... 

Key differences between manual and bulk distribution systems are ... 

TABLE 5. Theoretical results for the magnetic dipole coupling constant. For the nuclear magnetic dipole, bulk distribution (present paper and [11]) and surface distribution [22]. 

The main difference between the quoted papers lies in the modeling of the magnetic moment distribution in the nucleus a bulk distribution is assumed in the present paper and in paper [11] and a surface distribution is adopted in ref [22]. A systematic 1% difference is observed, which cannot be explained by the uncertainty in the nuclear radius. However, it is known that variations of the nuclear size within reasonable limits can lead to variations in the value of A of several orders of magnitude [11, 14]. This question will be analysed in a separ-ate paper. 

Cebria and Lopez-Ruiz (1995) proposed a method to calculate mantle source concentrations, bulk distribution coefficients (D) and constant... 

Zhelev and Astrov (125) studied the effects of S-sensitiza1-tion on the stability of silver deposited on evaporated films of silver bromide. The bulk distribution of development centers formed on the grain surface by deposition of silver atoms from vacuum was identical with that formed by exposure to high-irrad-iance light flashes or by the action of hydrogen atoms (126) on the silver bromide. As in experiments with unsensitized sheet crystals (127), surface developability disappeared upon storage... 

Hydrogen generation, storage, and bulk distribution systems. (Courtesy of Praxair, Inc.)... 

The surface concentration, size distribution and other properties of metal nanoparticles formed in a dark on the surface of the inert wide-band-gap semiconducting oxides under contact, photocatalytic, or photoelectrochemical deposition depend substantially on the concentration, bulk distribution, and energy characteristics of donor defects in the initial semiconductor substrate. As a rule, the necessary condition for the formation of the smallest-sized particles in the highest surface concentration is the maximum shift of the surface potential of semiconducting matrix from its equilibrium value during metal deposition. This is part of the reason for the experimentally observed fact that the particles formed in the condition of photocatalytic deposition are characterized by less average size and cover superior portion of surface than those obtained under cathodic deposition, all other factors being equal. 

For a multi-mineral system, the bulk distribution coefficient, D, is the combination of the for each mineral weighted by the fraction of each mineral in the system, and is defined as follows ... 

A common application of this equation to trace element modeling is to examine the variations in trace element abundances and ratios for elements with different bulk distribution coefficients (Figure 7). In this plot, F is the fraction of melt for equilibrium crystallization, F proceeds from... 

Figure 7 Illustration of the effects of equilibrium (batch) crystallization or melting on trace element abundances, (a) Variation in liquid concentration (Cl) (normalized to unit source concentration Cq= 1) as a function of melt fraction (F) for six elements with different bulk distribution coefficients (D). (b) Change in the ratios of incompatible elements with different Ds as a function of F. Each curve is for a different pair of elements that have the Z)s indicated. Note that when D < 0.1, incompatible element ratios can be changed only at very low extents of melting (or high extents of crystallization) (Langmuir et al., 1992) (reproduced by permission of American Geophysical...

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