Transport and storage in transit

In order to implement the requirements for radiation protection contained in paras 301-307, simple procedures have been developed which will suitably limit radiation exposures to both persons and undeveloped film. 

There are many considerations and conditions specific to the transport mode which should be factored into the models used to calculate segregation distances. These include consideration of how the relationship between accumulated transport indices in a location and radiation levels in occupied areas is affected by shielding and distance, and how exposure times for workers and members of the public depend upon the frequency and duration of their travel in conjunction with radioactive material. These may be established by programmes of work using questionnaires, surveys and measurements. In some circumstances exposure for a short 

Inevitably such calculations will be based on assumptions which may differ from real parameters in particular circumstances. Models should be robust and conservative. However, those that use all worst case parameters may result in recommendations leading to unnecessary practical difficulties or financial penalties. That the application of the resulting segregation distances leads to acceptably low doses is more important than the basis on which the distances were calculated. However, transport patterns are subject to change and doses should be kept under review. 

When calculating segregation distances for storage transit areas, the TI of the packages and the maximum time of occupancy should be considered. If there is any doubt regarding the effectiveness of the distance, a check may be made using appropriate instruments for the measurement of radiation levels. 

Since mail bags often contain undeveloped film and will not be identified as such, it is prudent to protect mail bags in the same way as identified undeveloped film. 

TRANSPORT AND STORAGE IN TRANSIT Segregation during transport and storage in transit 

Category II-YELLOW or III-YELLOW packages or overpacks shall not be carried in compartments occupied by passengers, except those exclusively reserved for couriers specially authorized to accompany such packages or 

Loading of freight containers and accumulation of packages, overpacks and freight containers shall be controlled as follows  

2 mSv/h at any point on, and 0.1 mSv/h at 2 m from, the external surface of the conveyance, except for consignments transported under exclusive use by road or raU, for which the radiation limits around the vehicle are set forth in paras 573(b) and (c). 

TABLE 9. TI LIMITS FOR FREIGHT CONTAINERS AND CONVEYANCES NOT UNDER EXCLUSIVE USE 

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Transport and Storage of Transition Metals other than Iron in Microorganisms 680... 

An iron porphyrin is the prosthetic group in the oxygen transport and storage proteins, hemoglobin and myoglobin. Consequently there has been much interest in porphyrin complexes, especially of first row transition metals, as model systems for oxygen transport and storage. Much interest has also been shown in metal porphyrins as models for oxidases, in particular cytochrome P-450. 

Transport and Storage of Other Transition Metals and Zinc in Mammalian Systems 671... 

Most of the transition elements can form complexes with transferrin and other proteins in serum, and can be stored in ferritin. This accounts for the effect of iron metabolism when the concentrations of these metals rise. Limited information which shows the presence of specific transport and storage systems is available on some metals. 

Safety relief valves must be kept clean during transit and storage so valve openings are sealed with tape and cardboard. If lifting levers are present they are tied down to protect the SRVs seats in route to the user. The valve must be transported and stored in an upright position. 

In addition to being important in industry, transition metal ions play a vital role in living organisms. For example, complexes of iron provide for the transport and storage of oxygen, molybdenum and iron compounds are catalysts in nitrogen fixation, zinc is found in more than 150 biomolecules in humans, copper and iron play a crucial role in the respiratory cycle, and cobalt is found in essential biomolecules such as vitamin Bi2-... 

Konzett J. and Fei Y. (2000) Transport and storage of potassium in the Earth s upper mantle and transition zone an experimental study to 23 GPa in simplified and natural bulk compositions. J. Petrol. 41, 583-603. 

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