Space occupied

Consider that at low temperatures, a lubricant is a poor solvent for polymer chains. When the temperature increases, interactions between polymer chains decrease the space occupied by the polymer ball takes on greater volume and consequently, the viscosity decrease due to the lubricant temperature increase is compensated by the unfolding of the polymer chain and the result is a reduction of the difference between the viscosities at low and high temperature, and therefore an Increase in viscosity index. 

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) also plays a large role in both the transportation and storage of natural gas. At a pressure of 101.3 kPa (1 atm), methane can be Hquefted by reducing the temperature to about — 161°C. When in the Hquid form, methane occupies approximately 1/600 of the space occupied by gaseous methane at normal temperature and pressure. In spite of the very low temperature of the Hquid, LNG offers advantages for both shipping and storing natural gas. 

Figure 6.11 Schematic diagram of the chaperonin GroEL molecule as a cylinder with 14 subunits arranged in two tings of 7 subunits each. The space occupied by one subunit is red and the hole inside the cylinder is blue.

In addition to flow regime, hold-up and pressure drop are two other important parameters in two-phase gas-liquid flows. Hold-up is defined as the relative portion of space occupied by a phase in the pipe. It can be expressed on a time or space average basis, with the actual method chosen depending on the intended use of the hold-up value, and the measurement method employed. There are numerous correlations in the literature for hold-up, but most are based upon a pressure drop-hold-up correlation. The following expression is a widely recognized empirical relationship between hold-up and pressure drop ... 

Specific ventilation recommendations were included in the CDC guidelines. The recommendations for isolation rooms serve two purposes. The first is dilution of contaminant, in this case droplet nuclei in the isolation room, The second is isolation of the space occupied by known or suspected TB patients from adjacent areas. The CDC and Conroy, et al. present recommended operating conditions for isolation rooms. These three conditions are presented in the Different Forms and Boundaries Relative to Other Types section below. 

Occupied zone The volume of air confined by horizontal and vertical planes defined to include space occupied by persons. 

The volumes above are absolute volumes. For example, a 94-lb sack of cement contains 1 ft of bulk cement powder, yet the actual or absolute space occupied by the cement particles is only 0.48 ft . 

Forced convective Far convectors These units give a high heat output for volume of space occupied by the unit, together with the ability to distribute the heat over a considerable area using directional grilles. May be used to bring in heated fresh air for room ventilation. Rapid response to conhol by individual thermostat. By use of variable speed motors rapid warm-up available in intermittent systems Altered fresh air inlet facility. Electric supply required to each individual unit. 2 to 25 kW. 

Costs relating to the space occupied by the equipment. These will usually include rent and rates or similar... 

The volume V is the space occupied by the system. It is usually expressed in cubic meters (m3) or cubic decimeters (dm3). A dm3 is the same volume as a liter (L), but dm3 is preferred to the liter because it is a part of the SI (Systeme International d Unites) system of units. 

Figure 5. Space occupied by individual members of our group, early October 1942, on fourth floor of Jones Laboratory.

Units may be combined together into derived units to express a property more complicated than mass, length, or time. For example, volume, V, the amount of space occupied by a substance, is the product of three lengths therefore, the derived unit of volume is (meter)3, denoted m3. Similarly, density, the mass of a sample divided by its volume, is expressed in terms of the base unit for mass divided by the derived unit for volume—namely, kilogram/(meter)3, denoted kg/m3 or, equivalently, kg-m-3. The SI convention is that a power, such as the 3 in cm3, refers to the unit and its multiple. That is, cm3 should be interpreted as (cm)3 or 10-6 m3 not as c(m3), or 10 2 m3. Many of the more common derived units have names and abbreviations of their own. 

We develop the modern model of an atom in Chapter 1. At this stage, all we need to know is that according to the current nuclear model of the atom, an atom consists of a small positively charged nucleus, which is responsible for almost all its mass, surrounded by negatively charged electrons (denoted e ). Compared with the size of the nucleus (about 10 14 m in diameter), the space occupied by the electrons is enormous... 

Here Hd is the number of atoms in a unit cell, the volume of which is V, and is the shortest interatomic distance in the arrangement. The definition contains a division by /2 so that the parameter D becomes unity for close-packing structures. Kepler s conjecture ensures that the parameter D is always less than or equal to unity. The fraction of space occupied (fi in the rigid-sphere model, which is often used in the discussion of metallic structures, is proportional to the parameter D and the relation is as follows. 

Harscher et al. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2006 141 (l) 31-37 Retrospective study of patients based on charts and telephone interviews 30 patients mean age of 59 who underwent craniectomy for space occupying MCA infarction Survival and functional outcome at various time points 16 patients survived mean time of 2.1 years... 

Rieke K, Schwab S, Krieger D, von Kutnmer R, Aschoff A, Schuchardt V, Hacke W. Decompressive surgery in space-occupying hemispheric infarction results of an open, prospective trial. Crit Care Med 1995 23(9) 1576-1587. 

---