Pipeline underwater

Only one set of pipelines and umbilicals (as with the template) are required from the manifold back to the host facility, saving unnecessary expense. Underwater manifolds are becoming very popular as they offer a great deal of flexibility in field development and can be very cost effective. 

Underground and underwater Underground fuel/oil tanks and pipelines water, fire protection, gas and compressed underground air distribution schemes underground metallic sewers and culverts underground communication and power cables deep wells other buried tanks and tanks in... 

Outside the field of biomaterials it has been patented for use as a cement for underwater pipelines, as a foundry sand and as a substitute for plaster... 

Vapor flow through pipes is modeled using two special cases adiabatic and isothermal behavior. The adiabatic case corresponds to rapid vapor flow through an insulated pipe. The isothermal case corresponds to flow through an uninsulated pipe maintained at a constant temperature an underwater pipeline is an excellent example. Real vapor flows behave somewhere between the adiabatic and isothermal cases. Unfortunately, the real case is difficult to model and no generalized and useful equations are available. 

The tracer pipeline leak testing, which is similar to the tracer tank leak testing, is effective for locating leaks in all types of pipeline installations, including pipe buried under pavement, airline runways, buildings, or underwater. Where leaks are known to exist, the tracer leak test is effective in determining their location without expensive excavation. 

Typical uses include the production of non-dispersible underwater concrete and reduction of the accumulation of bleed water in mass concrete placed in deep forms. Consequently, AWAs are useful in mass concrete work because they prevent the formation of laitance on the surface of the concrete and thereby reduce the excessive cleaning between successive lifts. The admixtures also reduce the voids formed under horizontal reinforcing bars. Therefore, bond to steel increases and potential corrosion problems are reduced. The admixtures are also used in conjunction with WRAs in oil-well cementing grouts to reduce pipeline friction and rapid water loss and grouting of pre- and post-tensioned concrete ducts [47]. New valves and control devices under development in Europe and Japan used in conjunction with AWA will likely advance the field on underwater concrete. 

TMPC pipeline for the import of Algerian gas, made up of two lines each 156-kilometer long and three lines each 155-kilometer crossing underwater the Sicily Channel from Cap Bon to Mazara del Vallo in Sicily, the entry point to Italy. 

Underground pipelines with maximum 48 inch pipe diameter is in the range 24 [Pg.65]

At the end of the preceding century, an intensification of the studies of the Black Sea ecosystem occurred. Its necessity was mainly defined by three principal reasons the influence of the regional climate changes during the last decade of the last century on the entire Black Sea ecosystem the strongest impact of species-invaders on the pelagic and bottom biocenoses of the basin and catastrophic reduction in their commercial potential and, finally, the large-scale construction and plans of construction of object of oil and gas complex in the sea area such as the oil terminal of the the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) on the Russian shelf (2001), and the Blue Flow (2003) and Blue Flow - 2 (nearest future) underwater gas pipelines. 

Underwater inspection and reburial of pipelines in the Gulf of Mexico and its inlets 192.612... 

Because they are very quiet, and because they are inherently more efficient than diesel or other i.c. power plants, fuel cells have long been regarded by the navies of the United States, Germany, Canada, Australia, and Sweden as an attractive means of propelling small submersibles (such as unmanned underwater vehicles used for marine research, pipeline repair, salvage, and exploration), and even full-size submarines. 

Despite decades of research, surprisingly little is known about successful treatment of contaminated sediments. Presently, the most common approach to management of dredged sediment is generally limited to land (or aquatic) disposal. Confined aquatic disposal (CAD) involves underwater contaminated sediments capping with clean sediments or sand, geotextiles, liners, or even reactive barriers, either with or without lateral confinement. Sediments are deposited in natural or artificial depression, usually by means of a clamshell or a hydraulic pipeline. Capping may also shift... 

The scope of application of CP is enormous and continuously increasing. It is possible to protect vessels and ships, docks, berths, pipelines, deep wells, tanks, chemical apparatus, underground and underwater municipal and industrial infrastructure, reinforced concrete structures exposed to the atmosphere, as well as underground parts, tunnels, and other metal equipments using cathodic protection. Apart from reduction of general corrosion, cathodic protection reduces SCC, pitting corrosion, corrosion fatigue, and erosion-corrosion of metallic materials. 

Repair of underwater pipelines. Failiu-es of underwater pipelines are observed most often because of damage by ships or anchors. In rivers with strong currents, scours may appear beneath pipelines the pipelines sag, and as a result of the vibration and stresses generated, cracks may appear, most often observed in the weld area. The pipe... 

The only alternative to the adhesive method for underwater pipelines repair is replacement. The cost of construction of underwater mains crossing large rivers amounts to 10-50 million dollars. The cost of repair by the adhesive method is 10-50 thousand dollars. These data were obtained for repair of pipeline junctions through the Volga, Yenisei, and Moscow rivers, and for operations in the Okhotsk Sea, in swamps near the river Goiyn (Belarus), in Bulgaria (Stevis Corporation), and from other projects. 

Acetylene, in combination with oxygen, burns with an intense flame that has diverse applications. It can be used for welding parts of a bridge underwater and for repairing an oil pipeline in Siberia. 

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