Transmission application

This spread in velocity is called modal dispersion and is the principle limit to the use of multimode fibres for long-distance transmissive applications. 

These are illustrated in Figure 3-18. Flat belts are used chiefly for conveyer belt systems rather than power transmission. I oothed (or timing) belt are generally used for control of critically timed rotating elements of a mechanical systems and are not used in power transmission application. The V section and the ribbed power belting systems are used exclusively for power transmission, and thus the discussion in this section will be confined to these categories of belting. 

API has developed specifications for V belting in oil-field power transmission applications [12]. Reference 12 is used to carry out detailed design calculations. Although this is an API publication, the specifications contained are consistent with specifications of other industrial groups. The basic calculation techniques above have been carried out for the stock V belts available. These data are tabulated in the API publication to simplify the design effect for V-belt power transmission systems. 

There are design considerations for the various chain power transmission applications that are common to nearly all chain types [8]. These are discussed in the following. 

There are two types of flexible intermediate drives used to transmit torsional power belt drives and chain drives. Flexible belts are used in industrial power transmission applications primarily when the speeds of the driver and driven shafts must be different or when the shafts must be widely separated. The trend toward higher speed primary drivers and the need to achieve a slower, useful driven speed are additional factors favoring the use of belts. In addition to V-belts, there are round belts and flat belts. Chain drives are typically used in applications where space is limited or obstructions prevent direct coupling of machine-train components. 

V-belts are the most commonly used belt in industrial power transmission applications. In addition to V-belts, there are round belts (e.g., O-rings) and flat belts, which are often reinforced with steel or Kevlar. Round belts are generally used in light-duty applications while reinforced flat belts are used in high-temperature applications such as automobiles. 

Various Panhandle equations have been used in natural gas transmission applications (F4, R5, S5, Zl). 

Also, for parallel multichannel devices, the source image can be divided, and injected simultaneously into a number (for example up to eight) of output fibers. Alternatively for more demanding diffuse reflectance or diffuse transmission applications with much lower optical throughput, the whole source image dimension can be used, but injected into micro- or macrobundle fiber optics. 

E. B. Forsyth, M. Garber, J. E. Jensen, G. H. Morgan, R. B. Britton, J. R. Powell, J. P. Blewett, D. H. Gurinski and J. M. Hendrie, Factors Influencing the Choice of Superconductor in AC Power Transmission Applications, Proceedings of the Applied Superconductivity Conference, IEEE Pub. No. 72CH0682-5 TABSC, 202 (1972). 

The coefficient of thermal expansion must also be accounted for in design calculations. The normal operating temperature for transmission applications is 120°C. A material must be able to operate at this temperature and not expand to a greater volume than the mating parts allow. The coefficient of friction (p) of the material should be considered as well when designing a dynamic seal. Rotating shafts require a lower value for p in order to reduce wear. 

Automatic transmission fluids suitable for automotive hydraulic, power steering and some manual transmission applications. 

Composites usually consist of a reinforcing material embedded in various matrices (binder). The elfective method to increase the strength and to improve the overall properties of composites is to incorporate dispersed phases into the matrix which can be an either polymer or engineering materials such as ceramics or metals. Hence, metal matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) and polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are obtained. Besides, hybrid composites, metal/ceramic/polymer composites and carbon matrix composites can also be obtained. MMC and CMC composites are developed to withstand high temperature applications. MMCs are also used in heat dissipation/electronic transmission applications due to the conductive nature of metals (electrically and thermally). 

In composites, the matrix can be either polymeric, ceramic or metallic, hence, polymer matrix composites (PMC), ceramic matrix composites (CMC) or metal matrix composites (MMC). Obviously, the latter two structures are used for high temperature applications (>315 °C), where PMC are usually inadequate. In addition, MMC with proper electrical and thermal conductivities are also used in heat dissipation/electronic transmission applications. In addition to the general types of composites, some specific composites can also be of the type ceramic/metal/polymer or carbon matrix (CMC) or even hybrid composites (HC). 

Roark s formulas for torsional stress from a twisting motion can be expressed for beam loading conditions [4], e.g., for a power transmission application. Shear stress developed in a material subjected to a specified torque in a torsion test is estimated by [5]... 

Roller chain drives are used in a wide range of power transmission applications for all basic industries such as food processing, materials handling, oil field equipment, construction, agricultural equipment, and machine tools. 

Engineering applications for plastics include mechanical units imder stress, low friction components, heat and chemical resistant units, electrical parts, housings, high Hght transmission applications, building construction functions, and many miscellaneous uses. 

Determination of the usable volume or preliminary position of the blank in the raw casting. When using reflective optics (as opposed to the previously mentioned transmission application) the critical volume over the position of the application surface (optically effective surface) is determined for the evaluation of the glass flaws in the specification. The internal quality is more strictly specified in this critical volume. 

The electrical properties must be excellent and the material must resist tracking. In an increasing number of cases, particularly in transmission applications, high-frequency properties are important. There must be no release of volatiles or migration of components of the material that could cause contact corrosion or in any way lead to a deterioration of contact performance. 

PBT and polyamide 66 are the most commonly used plastics for electrical connectors. The two polymers together have a market share of 10-15% in the 25 billion world market for connectors, of which North America accounts for 10 billion. For reinforced polyamide 66, an annual growth rate of 5-7% is forecast for the years 2000-2002. Higher performance plastics such as LCP and PPS are increasingly taking over in the electronics segment from the PA66 that has so far dominated the scene. Most electrical connectors (300 million per year) are used in computers and their peripherals, followed by telephone and data transmission applications. 

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