Trade resins

Perspex Trade name for cast polymethylmethacrylate sheet - an acrylic resin. 

Dowex is the trade name of Dow resins X (followed by a numeral) is percent cross-linked. Mesh size (dry) are available in the range 50 to 100, 100 to 200, 200 to 400, and sometimes minus 400. 

Bio-Rex is the trade name for certain resins sold by Bio-Rad Laboratories. 

Amberlite and Duolite are trade names of Rohm Haas resins. 

Phenol—formaldehyde (PF) was the first of the synthetic adhesives developed. By combining phenol with formaldehyde, which has exceptional cross-linking abiHties with many chemicals and materials, and a small amount of sodium hydroxide, a resin was obtained. The first resins soHdified as they cooled, and it was discovered that if it was ground to a powder with a small amount of additional formaldehyde and the appHcation of more heat, the mixture would Hquify and then convert to a permanently hard material. Upon combination of the powdered resin mixture with a filler material such as wood flour, the result then being placed in a mold and pressed under heat and pressure, a hard, durable, black plastic material was found to result. For many years these resulting products were called BakeHte, the trade name of the inventor. BakeHte products are still produced today, but this use accounts for only a small portion of the PF resins used. 

The two-part epoxy adhesive, readily available in hardware stores or other consumer outlets, comes in two tubes. One tube contains the epoxy resin, the other contains an amine hardener. Common diamine room temperature epoxy curing agents are materials such as the polyamides, available under the trade name Versamid. These polyamides are the reaction products of dimer acids and aUphatic diamines such as diethylenetriamine [111-40-0] ... 

Emulsion Adhesives. The most widely used emulsion-based adhesive is that based upon poly(vinyl acetate)—poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers formed by free-radical polymerization in an emulsion system. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is typically formed by hydrolysis of the poly(vinyl acetate). The properties of the emulsion are derived from the polymer employed in the polymerization as weU as from the system used to emulsify the polymer in water. The emulsion is stabilized by a combination of a surfactant plus a coUoid protection system. The protective coUoids are similar to those used paint (qv) to stabilize latex. For poly(vinyl acetate), the protective coUoids are isolated from natural gums and ceUulosic resins (carboxymethylceUulose or hydroxyethjdceUulose). The hydroHzed polymer may also be used. The physical properties of the poly(vinyl acetate) polymer can be modified by changing the co-monomer used in the polymerization. Any material which is free-radically active and participates in an emulsion polymerization can be employed. Plasticizers (qv), tackifiers, viscosity modifiers, solvents (added to coalesce the emulsion particles), fillers, humectants, and other materials are often added to the adhesive to meet specifications for the intended appHcation. Because the presence of foam in the bond line could decrease performance of the adhesion joint, agents that control the amount of air entrapped in an adhesive bond must be added. Biocides are also necessary many of the materials that are used to stabilize poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions are natural products. Poly(vinyl acetate) adhesives known as "white glue" or "carpenter s glue" are available under a number of different trade names. AppHcations are found mosdy in the area of adhesion to paper and wood (see Vinyl polymers). 

Countries produciug commodity LLDPE and their capacities, as well as production volumes of some U.S. companies, are Hsted iu Table 5. Iu most cases, an accurate estimate of the total LLDPE production capacity is compHcated by the fact that a large number of plants are used, iu turn, for the manufacture of either HDPE or LLDPE iu the same reactors. VLDPE and LLDPE resius with a uniform branching distribution were initially produced in the United States by Exxon Chemical Company and Dow Chemical Company. However, since several other companies around the world have also aimounced their entry into this market, the worldwide capacity of uniformly branched LLDPE resins in 1995 is expected to reach a million tons. Special grades of LLDPE resins with broad MWD are produced by Phillips Petroleum Co. under the trade name Low Density Linear Polyethylenes or LDLPE. 

Polyoctenamer trans-ocX.en.e mbber) is manufactured in Europe by Hbls AG at 12,000 t/yr under the trade name Vestenamer. Components for the manufacture of polydicyclopentadiene (PDCPD), a Hquid mol ding resin, are produced by Hercules in the United States (13,600 t/yr), by Teijin in Japan (3000 t/yr), and by Shell in Europe, under the trade name Metton they are also produced by Goodrich in the United States and Japan under the trade name Telene. 

Some time earlier, Eastman-Kodak has been working on a novel polyester as an entry into the important polyester fiber market and had devised a new ahcychc diol, 1,4-cydohexanedimethanol [105-08-5] effectively made by exhaustive hydrogenation of dimethyl terephthalate. Reaction of the new diol with dimethyl terephthalate gave a crystalline polyester with a higher melting point than PET and it was introduced in the United States in 1954 as a new polyester fiber under the trade name Kodel (5). Much later the same polyester, now called PCT, and a cyclohexanedimethanol—terephthalate/isophthalate copolymer were introduced as mol ding resins and thermoforming materials (6). More recentiy stiU, copolymers of PET with CHDM units have been introduced for blow molded bottie resins (7). 

Bayer marketed PPS compounds in the United States under the trade name Tedur, but the company has exited the PPS business. PPS is also marketed in the United States by GE Plastics, whose source of neat resin is Tosoh Corporation of Japan. GE Plastics markets PPS under the trade name Supec PPS. Patent activity by Tennessee Eastman describes an alternative process for the production of poly(phenylene sulfide/disulfide), although samples of such product have not appeared as of early 1996. Both Phillips and Hoechst Celanese have aimounced plans to debotdeneck their existing U.S. faciUties in order to meet anticipated market growth. 

Proprietary blend formulations based on polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and polyphenylsulfone are sold commercially by Amoco Corporation to meet various end use requirements. The blends based on polysulfone are sold under the MINDEL trademark. A glass fiber-reinforced blend based on PES is offered under the trade name RADEL AG-360. This offers most of the performance characteristics of 30% glass fiber-reinforced polyethersulfone but at a lower cost. Two blend product lines are offered based on PPSF. These are designated as the RADEL R-4000 and R-7000 series of products. The former is a lower cost alternative to RADEL R PPSF homopolymer offering most of the performance attributes unique to PPSF. The R-7000 series of resins have been formulated for use in aircraft interiors for civil air transport. They exhibit a very high degree of resistance to flammabihty and smoke release. 

Many lens casters use the term hard-resin lenses for DADC products companies and trade names include American Optical (Aoflte ), Cobum (Supremacy I), Optical Radiation (Orcoflte), and Silor Optical (Orma 1000). Additional information can be obtained from the Optical Manufacturers Association, Falls Church, Va. Cast sheets of homopolymer and copolymers are suppHed by the SGL Homalite Company, Foster Grant, and others. 

Formaldehyde. Pure formaldehyde, CH2O, is a colorless, pungent smelling reactive gas (see Formaldehyde). The commercial product is handled either as soHd polymer, paraformaldehyde (13), or in aqueous or alcohoHc solutions. Marketed under the trade name Formcel, solutions in methanol, / -butanol, and isobutyl alcohol, made by Hoechst-Celanese, are widely used for making alcohol-modified urea and melamine resins for surface coatings and treating textiles. 

Although Saran is a generic name for VDC copolymers in the United States, it is a Dow trademark in most foreign countries. Other trade names include Daran (Hampshire Chemical Corporation) and Serfene (Morton Chemical) in the United States, and Haloflex (Zeneca Resins), Diofan (BASE), Ixan (Solvay SA), and Polyidene (Scott-Bader) in Europe. The monomer is of particular economic interest because it is only 27 wt % hydrocarbon. In addition, B. E. Goodrich Chemicals (GEON) supply non-barrier VDC copolymers. 

The poly(vinyl acetal) prepared from acetaldehyde was developed in the early 1940s by Shawinigan Chemicals, Ltd., of Canada and sold under the trade name Alvar. Early uses included injection-molded articles, coatings for paper and textiles, and replacement for shellac. Production peaked in the early 1950s and then decreased as a result of competition from less expensive resins such as poly(vinyl chloride) (see Vinyl polymers, poly(vinyl chloride)). 

Cationic Hydroxyethylcelluloses. These materials are manufactured by Union Carbide Corp. and National Starch and Chemical Corp., marketed under the trade names Polymer JR and Celquat, respectively (47,48). The cationic substituent on Polymer JR is presumably 2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (72). Celquat is presumably the reaction product of HEC with /V,/V-dia11y1-/V,/V-dimethy1ammonium chloride (73). Their primary appHcation is in shampoos and hair conditioners wherein the cationic moiety imparts substantivity to hair. Some typical properties of Celquat resins are given in Table 7. 

Base-plate wax compositions are generally regarded as trade secrets. A substantial percentage of paraffin is usually present, probably 50—80 wt %. Beeswax [8012-89-3] camauba wax [8015-86-9] ceresin, microcrystalline waxes, Acrawax C (Glyco Products Co. Inc.), mastic gum, rosin [8050-09-7] and synthetic resins may make up the balance of the formulation. Base-plate waxes are generally sold in sheet form about 1.3 mm thick, 75 mm wide, and 140 mm long. 

The compositions of sheet and shape waxes are also trade secrets. However, they are blends of various proportions of paraffin, microcrystalline waxes, camauba wax, ceresin, beeswax, gum dammar, mastic gum, and possibly other resins. Sheet waxes are marketed in square sheets approximately 80 by 90 mm. Various thicknesses are available from 32 gauge (0.5 mm) to 14 gauge (1.63 mm). 

Proportion of Hard Segments. As expected, the modulus of styrenic block copolymers increases with the proportion of the hard polystyrene segments. The tensile behavior of otherwise similar block copolymers with a wide range of polystyrene contents shows a family of stress—strain curves (4,7,8). As the styrene content is increased, the products change from very weak, soft, mbbedike materials to strong elastomers, then to leathery materials, and finally to hard glassy thermoplastics. The latter have been commercialized as clear, high impact polystyrenes under the trade name K-Resin (39) (Phillips Petroleum Co.). Other types of thermoplastic elastomers show similar behavior that is, as the ratio of the hard to soft phase is increased, the product in turn becomes harder. 

Polyetheretherketone Resin (PEEK). The resia was commercialized as Victrex PEEK by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. (ICl) ia the late 1970s and by Amoco Chemicals Corp. ia the middle 1980s under the trade name Kadel. It is produced by both companies ia the United States. Kadel is beheved made by the displacement reaction of 4,4 -difluorodiphenyl ketone by the potassium salt of hydroquinone ... 

Technical trade literature, British Resin Products Ltd., London... 

There has been some interest in random eopolymers of styrene with small amounts of maleie anhydride. Manufaeturers ineluded Monsanto (Cadon), Dow (Resin XP5272) and Dainippon (Ryurex X-15). However, the only current manufacturer of high molecular weight materials appears to be Arco, which markets its products under the trade name Dylarc. The abbreviation SMA is commonly used for these materials. 

ICl Development polymide Resin QX-13 and Morganite Modmor Type I (treated) carbon fibre. Unidirectional laminate (S2% v/v fibre content)]. vSource of data ICl Trade Lilerature... 

The first commercially available acetal resin was marketed by Du Pont in 1959 under the trade name Delrin after the equivalent of ten million pounds had been spent in research or polymers of formaldehyde. The Du Pont monopoly was unusually short lived as Celcon, as acetal copolymer produced by the Celanese Corporation, became available in small quantities in 1960. This material became commercially available in 1962 and later in the same year Farbwerke Hoechst combined with Celanese to produce similar products in Germany (Hostaform). In 1963 Celanese also combined with the Dainippon Celluloid Company of Osaka, Japan and Imperial Chemical Industries to produce acetal copolymers in Japan and Britain respectively under the trade names Duracon and Alkon (later changed to Kematal). In the early 1970s Ultraform GmbH (a joint venture of BASF and Degussa) introduced a copolymer under the name Ultraform and the Japanese company Asahi Chemical a homopolymer under the name Tenal. 

Figure 19.7. Fatigue resistance of acetal resin compared with nylon 66 and with polyethylene. Measured as the cycles to failure at a given applied stress. (Du Pont trade literature)...

Figure 19.8. Effect of humidity, time and temperature on the water absorption of acetal homopolymer resin (Delrin). (Du Pont Trade Literature).

Phenolic resins are also widely known as phenol-formaldehyde resins, PF resins and phenoplasts. The trade name Bakelite has in the past been widely and erroneously used as a common noun and indeed is noted as such in many English dictionaries. 

Base exchange The property of the trading of cations shown by certain in- soluble namrally occurring materials (zeolites) and developed to a high degree of specificity and efficiency in synthetic resin adsorbents. 

A major trade association for the plastics industiy, the Council is comprised of 24 of the leading plastics manufacturers in the United States, representing 80% of the US. resin production capacity. 

WINGTACK , hydrocarbon resins, 137 Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, 300... 

Wachsglanz, m. waxy luster, wachsglknzend, a. of waxy luster. Wachs-handel, m. wax trade, -harzreserve, /. wax-resin resist, -kerzchen, n. wax match, -kerze,/. wax candle, -kitt, m. wax cement ... 

---