Difference trades

Emulsion Adhesives. The most widely used emulsion-based adhesive is that based upon poly(vinyl acetate)—poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers formed by free-radical polymerization in an emulsion system. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is typically formed by hydrolysis of the poly(vinyl acetate). The properties of the emulsion are derived from the polymer employed in the polymerization as weU as from the system used to emulsify the polymer in water. The emulsion is stabilized by a combination of a surfactant plus a coUoid protection system. The protective coUoids are similar to those used paint (qv) to stabilize latex. For poly(vinyl acetate), the protective coUoids are isolated from natural gums and ceUulosic resins (carboxymethylceUulose or hydroxyethjdceUulose). The hydroHzed polymer may also be used. The physical properties of the poly(vinyl acetate) polymer can be modified by changing the co-monomer used in the polymerization. Any material which is free-radically active and participates in an emulsion polymerization can be employed. Plasticizers (qv), tackifiers, viscosity modifiers, solvents (added to coalesce the emulsion particles), fillers, humectants, and other materials are often added to the adhesive to meet specifications for the intended appHcation. Because the presence of foam in the bond line could decrease performance of the adhesion joint, agents that control the amount of air entrapped in an adhesive bond must be added. Biocides are also necessary many of the materials that are used to stabilize poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions are natural products. Poly(vinyl acetate) adhesives known as "white glue" or "carpenter s glue" are available under a number of different trade names. AppHcations are found mosdy in the area of adhesion to paper and wood (see Vinyl polymers). 

Standard Mosquito Repellents. Since its initial report as a promising repellent in 1954, DEET has been considered the best all-around repellent having generally acceptable characteristics, despite a continuing search for a superior chemical. Improvements include many commercial products with added cosmetic agents that use slow release technology, such as the U.S. Armed Services slow release 35% DEET formulation (16). There were 35 EPA-registered repellent products in 1994 that contained only DEET under different trade names (2). DEET is present in 192 of the 212 products mentioned previously (2). 

Secondary refrigerants shown below, listed under their generic names, are sold under different trade names. Some other secondaiy refrigerants appropriate for various refrigeration application will be listed under their trade names. More data could be obtained from the manufacurer,... 

While all these paramclcrs are extremely essential for a process line, with the R D in the field these limitations have been overcome with the use of phasor controls. To implement the.se controls different manufacturers have tidopled different control and feedback systems to monitor and control the torque and field components. They have also given these controls different trade names. The basic technological concept remains the same but process implementation may vary from one manufacturer to another. Below we attempt to identify the more common phasor controls introduced by a few leading manufacturers. 

It has now gained acceptance as an impressed current anode for cathodic protection and has been in use for this purpose since 1971. The anode consists of a thin film of valve and precious metal oxides baked onto a titanium substrate and when first developed was given the proprietary name dimensionally stable anode , sometimes shortened to DSA. Developments on the composition of the oxide film have taken place since Beer s patent, and this type of anode is now marketed under a number of different trade names. 

Description of samples tested, specific test methods used, exposure medium notes, solubility parameters, and other important details are provided. Emphasis is on providing all relevant information so the most informed conclusions and decisions can be made by the user. Over 60,000 individual entries (specific tests) are covered in the database. Classes of materials covered include thermosets, thermosetting elastomers, thermoplastics, and thermoplastic elastomers. Approximately 700 different trade name and grade combinations representing over 130 families of materials are included. Over 3300 exposure environments are represented. 

As one more common example of liquid fuels present reference may be drawn to liquified petroleum gas (LPG) or bottled gas or refinery gas. This fuel is obtained as a by-product during the cracking of heavy oils or from natural gas. It is dehydrated, desulfurized and traces of odours organic sulfides (mercaptans) are added in order to identify whether a gas leak has occurred. Supply of LPG is carried out under pressure in containers under different trade names. It consists of hydrocarbons of great volatility such that they can occur in the gaseous state under atmospheric pressure, but are readily liquifiable under high pressures. The principal constituents of LPG are n-butane, iso-butane, butylene and propane,... 

Inheritance cannot be mapped directly. There are several alternative schemes, well documented elsewhere, that are systematic and make different trade-offs. 

In many cases it will not be possible to obtain a registration of the same trade mark in aU corm-tries, for various reasons, such as the existence of conflicting marks already held by others in those cormtries, or owing to unfortunate associations arising in particular languages. This variation in registration opportunities means that the same product may be marketed in different parts of the European Community rmder different trade marks, for example Septrin and Eusaprim. 

Thalidomide was a sedative and a h)rpnotic that first went on sale in 1956 in West Germany. Between 1958 and 1960, it was introduced in 46 countries under 51 different trade names. It was first introduced in the UK market in April 1958 under the name Distaval. It enjoyed good sales because of its prompt action, lack of hangover and addiction observed with barbiturates, and apparent safety. 

In addition to these regulatory issues there are some homemade limitations to common quality documentation (e.g. normally, pharmaceutical companies prefer to market tablets in polyethylene bottles in the United States, in contrast to blister packs for the European market and different trade names, colours or pack sizes are also unavoidable in certain cases). The consequence of these differences is the fact that a common Module 3 (Quality) and therefore a common Quality Summary in Module 2 cannot be compiled. 

Pyrethrum refers to the oleoresin extracted from the dried flowers of Tanacetum cinerariaefolium (Asteraceae) and is the source of the pyrethrins, chrysanthemates and pyrethrates. Among the natural pyrethrins, those incorporating the alcohol pyrethrolone, namely pyrethrins 1 and II (Fig. 9), are the most abundant and account for most of the insecticidal activity. The pyrethrins are recommended for control of a wide range of insects and mites on fruit, vegetables, field crops, ornamentals, glasshouse crops and house plants, as well as in public health, stored products, animal houses and on domestic and farm animals. Pyrethrins are sold in a wide variety of formulations, under many different trade names by a large number of different manufacturers. 

The naming of zeolites and related structures has been somewhat unsystematic. Some structures were named after the parent minerals (e.g., sodalite, faujasite), while others were named by researchers, or after the projects which synthesized them (e.g., ZSM [Zeolite Socony Mobil]). Unfortunately, this led to the same zeolites synthesized by different routes and bearing different names—in some cases, up to 20 different trade names ... 

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were first synthesized in 1864, and commercial use has been active since 1929. Over 1 million tons of PCBs have been produced commercially with different trade names, such as Aroclor, Clophen, Fenchlor, and Kanechlor. There are 209 PCB isomers or types, which differ from each other in the number and relative position of the chlorine atoms on the biphenyl molecular frame. A small number of these isomers are particularly toxic and are believed to account for the bulk of PCB-induced toxicity in animals. PCBs... 

Stabilizers characteristic of plastics are briefly outlined together with examples of typical structures. The market offers many stabilizers under different trade names, but having identical chemical structures (Appendix III). 

After patent protection expires, competing drug companies will at once market successful (i.e., profitable) pharmaceuticals as second-submission successor (or follow-on ) preparations. Since no research expenses are involved at this point, successor drugs can be offered at a cheaper price, either as generics (INN + company name) or under new fancy names. Thus some common drugs circulate under 10 to 20 different trade names. An extreme example is presented in B for the analgesic ibuprofen. 

Sufentanil is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug, as outlined in CHEC-II(1996), and is approximately 5-10 times more potent than fentanyl. Sufentanil is marketed for use by specialist centers under different trade names. Other thiophene derivatives, such as the benzimidazol-thiophenes 16 and 17, exhibit analgesic activity that can be compared with morphine sulfate and acetylsalicylic acid <2005PS1841>. 

Copolymers of ethylene and tetraflnoroethylene essentially comprise alternating ethylene and TFE nnits. They have an excellent balance of physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties and are easily fabricated by melt-processing techniques but have found little commercial utility because they exhibit a poor resistance to cracking at elevated temperatures [59], Incorporation of certain termonomers, so-called modifiers, in amounts 1 to 10 mol% markedly improves the cracking resistance, while maintaining the desirable properties of the copolymer [60,61], ETFE resins are manufactured by several companies under different trade names. 

Analysis recognizes that people make trade-offs, and that different people make different trade-offs. If you know what those trade-offs are, you have a powerful tool to predict consumer behavior. 

Sometimes, different companies sell similar prodncts nnder different trade names. Again, in many cases, the similar products are registered for different uses. 

Cellulose nitrate is a semi-synthetic plastic based on cellulose from wood or cotton. It is mixed with nitric and sulphuric acids, and uses camphor as a plasticiser. It is another compound that was being developed by various people in different places at the same time, but was launched in England in 1862 as Parkesine . It was later called Xylonite . Cellulose nitrate was finally patented in America in 1870 under the name celluloid , but has been known by over 60 different trade names during the years it has been in production. 

Millions of women throughout the world take oral contraceptives (the pill). The most common type of oral contraceptive is a combination of a synthetic estrogen such as mestranol, 85, or ethinylestradiol, 86, and a progestin such as levonorgestrel, 87, or norethynodrel, 88. The contraceptives are sold under different trade names such as Levlen, Brevicon, Modicon, Necon, Ovcon, and others. 

Representative Chemicals Dinitrophenol (DNP) occurs in six different isomers - 2,3-DNP, 2,4-DNP, 2,5-DNP, 2,6-DNP, 3,4-DNP, and 3,5-DNP Synonyms A number of substituted 2,4-DNPs are sold under different trade names analogs include DNOC, 2,4-Dinitro-6-methylphenol Binapacryl, 2-s-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol-3-methylcrotonate Dinocap, 2,4-Dinitro-6-(l-methy- -heptyl)-phenyl-crotonate Dinoseb, 2,4-Dinitro-6-s-butylphenol Chemical Structure ... 

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