Toxicity tests acute

Phipps, G.L. and G.W. Holcombe. 1985. A method for aquatic multiple species toxicant testing acute toxicity of 10 chemicals to 5 vertebrates and 2 invertebrates. Environ. Pollut. 38A 1,41-157. 

There are two basic types of aquatic single-species toxicity tests acute and chronic. Acute toxicity tests have been the workhorse of aquatic toxicologists for many years. These tests are relatively simple, take little time, and are cost-effective. A large historical database exists for many chemicals and effluents. Acute toxicity tests are most often used to quickly screen toxicity or to determine the relative sensitivities of different test species. Mortality is the effect monitored during the test duration of 48 h (invertebrates) or 96 h (fish). In a typical acute toxicity test, 5-10 organisms are exposed under static conditions in glass test beakers to five test concentrations. A control is included. The experiments with test concentrations and control are conducted in triplicate. Daily observations are made on survival, and dead organisms are removed. 

Toxicity Test Acute oral toxicity (LD50) in rats 2160mgkg Toxicity Test Acute oral toxicity (LD50) in rats 760 mg kg ... 

For the sample search on aquatic toxicity of atrazine, 1459 results were found. An excerpt on the daphnia acute aquatic toxicity tests (EC50. LC.50) is prc.scnted in Figure 5-33. 

Acute inhalation exposure of rats to 200,000 ppm VF for 30 minutes or more produced weak anaesthesia and no deaths (90). In rats VF is only slightly metabolized at a rate of one-fifth that of vinyl chloride (91—95). An extensive program of toxicity testing of vinyl fluoride is ia progress (96,97). 

Toxicity. The acute toxicity of chlotinated paraffins has been tested ia a range of animals and was found to be very low (4). A comprehensive study (5) demonstrated that the toxicity of chlotinated paraffins was related to carbon chain length and to a lesser degree chlorine content. The shorter chain-length chlotinated paraffins were more toxic than the longer chain chlotinated paraffins. 

The data from some single-dosage oral toxicity tests, expressed as LD q, are reported in Table 4. The values reported on the order of 1 g/kg or greater indicate a low acute oral toxicity. In animals, continued ingestion of chlorobenzenes over a long time can cause kidney and Hver damage. 

Both acute and chronic toxicity testing of the treated effluent on daphnia shrimp and fathead minnows have indicated that the effluent is completely suitable for discharge into receiving waters with no adverse impact (42). 

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

EinaHy, the ecotoxicological studies, designed to assess the impact of the substance on the environment, embrace acute toxicity tests to fish and Daphnia, and a battery of tests for the biodegradabiUty of the substance and its biological oxygen demand characteristics. 

Toxicity Bioassay. Ninety-six hour acute toxicity tests were conducted on the effluent streams of major industries. A static renewal procedure was used in which waste waters of various dilutions were renewed at 24 hour intervals over a 96 hour period. Rainbow trout was used as the test organism. Tests were conducted at 13°C in 20 liter aquaria according to standard procedures (22), Results are summarized in Table 8. Chemical and toxicity test results indicate that the trace element quantities identified in Table 8 are not acutely toxic under the prevailing conditions and unlikely to pose an acute threat to aquatic life. In this case a chronic toxicity assessment would require additional research. 

Ciba-Geigy Ltd (1993a) Report of the acute toxicity test of Irgastab T 22 M (TK 11638) on Daphnia (Daphnia magna Straus 1820). Basel, Ciba-Geigy Ltd (Study No. CG 928293). 

Ciba-Geigy Ltd (1993d) Report on the acute toxicity test of irgastab 17 MOK-S to zebra-fish (Brachydanio rerio). Basel, Ciba-Geigy Ltd, 27 July (Test No. 928312). 

Hooftman RN, de Wolf JM (2003a) Triohloromethylstannane (CAS 993-16-8) Static acute toxicity test with the crustacean species Daphnia magna. Zeist, TNO, May (Report No. V2492/02). 

Janik F, Wolf HU. 1992. The Ca2-i-transport-atpase of human erythrocytes as an in vitro toxicity test system - acute effects of some chlorinated compounds. J Appl Toxicol 12(5) 351-358. 

Because of the delay in the appearance of hemorrhaging following exposure to warfarin and related ARs, a suitable interval must elapse between exposure of experimental animals to the chemical and the assessment of mortality in toxicity testing. Typically, this period is at least 5 days. Some values of acute oral LD50 of rodenticides to vertebrates are given in Table 11.2. 

McCrary JE, Heagler MG. 1997. The use of a simultaneous multiple species acute toxicity test to compare the relative sensitivities of aquatic organisms to mercury. J Environ Sci Health Part A Environ Sci Eng Toxic Hazardous Substance Control 32 73-81. 

No animal or human data were available for inhalation exposure. There are no data regarding effects in humans after oral exposure. Information is available in animals regarding health effects following acute, intermediate, and chronic oral ingestion of diisopropyl methylphosphonate. The animal data obtained after oral exposure indicate that diisopropyl methylphosphonate is moderately toxic after acute bolus exposure but has a lower order of toxicity after intermediate and chronic exposures in food. No data were found on the toxicity of diisopropyl methylphosphonate after exposure in drinking water. Further, diisopropyl methylphosphonate is rapidly metabolized and excreted and does not accumulate. It does not appear to have reproductive or developmental effects. At the doses tested, it does not appear to be an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, although this issue has not been resolved yet. Limited data are available for dermal exposure in humans and animals. Diisopropyl methylphosphonate does not appear to be a... 

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