Chlorination degree

Very low levels are found in water and air. High levels in soils, sediments and animals. Occurrence in the environment related to chlorination degree obtained by photolysis >chlorination degree> persistence... 

Chlorination in shaft furnaces allows one to extract almost all of titanium (97-98%) out of the furnace charge. The extraction degree of other oxides depends on the chlorination temperature and properties of the extracted component. E.g., if silicon dioxide is in the mixture in the form of quartz, its chlorination degree is 10-20% if silicon dioxide is part of silicate, it is clorinated by 80% and more. Aluminum oxide in the form of corundum chlorinates only slightly alumosilicates chlorinate almost completely. 

Most probably, it is mainly lower chlorinated naphthalenes that are still used today. These have been used, for example, as glues for plywood in Finnish plywood plants [33]. Lower chlorinated naphthalenes were used in a product for wood preservation against bugs in Sweden until 1987 when it was stopped, as it was shown to contain higher chlorinated naphthalenes than declared [Asplund, unpublished data]. From our experience, chlorinated naphthalenes mixtures of low chlorination degree also contain small amounts of more highly chlorinated congeners [Asplund and Jakobsson,unpublished]. 

PCNs have strong absorbance maxima between 220 and 275 nm and weaker maxima between 275 and 345 nm. The absorption maxima are shifted towards longer wavelengths as the chlorine degree increases. Brinkman and Reymer [1976] have reported detailed information on UV spectra of PCNs [1]. 

PCN exposure to rats causes enzyme induction in the liver, kidney and lung [250-252]. Mixed-function oxygenases (MFO) are involved in the hydroxyla-tion of xenobiotica. The induction potency of a compound depends on the chlorination degree, substitution pattern and planarity of the molecule. The compounds 3-methylcholanthrene and phenobarbital induce two different... 

Similarly to PCBs, there are 209 possible PCDE congeners, in which the number of chlorines varies from one to ten. The number of possible isomers at each chlorination degree (congener groups) from mono to decachlorinated PCDEs... 

ALCANES. CIO-13. CHLORO. CHLORINATED PARAFFINS WITH A CHLORINATION DEGREE OF MORE THAN 48% BY WEIGHT... 

CPs with carbon chain lengths between and including 10 and 13 and with a chlorination degree of more than 48% by weight... 

Various chlorinated polyethylene grades are produced by chlorination of HDPE in solution or in suspension. The differences between commercial products concern mainly the chlorination degree (25-42 wt% of chlorine), viscosity and crystallinity. 

A typical example for extended use of the isotope dilution method is the quantification of polychlorinated dioxins. Sixfold and twelvefold labeled dioxins and furans in the required chlorination degrees are used as recovery and surrogate standards during sample preparation and GC-MS analysis, as described in the widely applied EPA 1613 method. The nearly identical compound characteristics during clean-up, the chromatographic process and detection, guarantees most reliable quantitation results based on the sample individual recovery values in one analysis run (see details in the application Section 4.14 on dioxin analysis). 

Figure 4.128 Typical MID setup with the individual acquisition window (segment) for each eluting congener group of different chlorination degree.

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