Toxicity tests chronic

The health effects of sorbic acid and sorbates have been reviewed (165—167). The extremely low toxicity of sorbic acid enhances its desirabiHty as a food preservative. The oral LD q for sorbic acid in rats is 7—10 g/kg body weight compared to 5 g/kg for sodium chloride (165—169). In subacute and chronic toxicity tests in rats, 5% sorbic acid in the diet results in no abnormal effects after 90 days or lifetime feeding studies. A level of 10% in rat diets results in a slight enlargement of the Hver, kidneys, and thyroid gland (170). This same dietary level fed to mice also resulted in an increase in Hver and kidney weight... 

Both acute and chronic toxicity testing of the treated effluent on daphnia shrimp and fathead minnows have indicated that the effluent is completely suitable for discharge into receiving waters with no adverse impact (42). 

The full extent of the toxicity of pesticides to aquatic life is not known. Although chronic toxicity testing is required for new substances, little is known about the long-term effects of older pesticides. Also, very little is known about the toxicity and occurrence of the products formed when pesticides break down (metabolites) or the many non-pesticidal additives (co-formulants and adjuvants) used in pesticide formulations. However, the future is looking brighter. New modelling techniques, EQS development, and the involvement of the NRA in the pesticide registration process, coupled with the development of newer, less persistent pesticides with lower dose rates, all should help to reduce the risk of pesticide pollution. 

S4 Duration of Chronic Toxicity Testing in Animals (Rodent and Non-Rodent Toxicity Testing)... 

GL37 Safety repeat dose chronic toxicity Studies to evaluate the safety of residues of veterinary drugs in human food Repeat-dose Chronic Toxicity Testing... 

For similar reasons, chronic toxicity tests are probably less relevant for use in environmental risk assessment because of the significant discrepancy between the duration of exposure in the laboratory (many days to weeks) and field (usually 1 day or less - see Sect. 5). Sensitivity profiles for chronic toxicity are similar to acute toxicity, although, as would be expected, chronic endpoints are lower than the acute endpoints. Chronic toxicity endpoints for SPs are summarized in Table 3. 

The acute toxicity of emorfazone was found to be equal to or less than that of aminopyrine depending on animal models used [45]. From chronic toxicity tests [46,47], safe doses of 30 mg/kg per day (rats) or 120 mg/kg per day (dogs) were deduced. In rats, no significant effects of (3) on the reproductive activity or newborn development were observed [48-50], nor were adverse effects on the embryos found when (3) was given to rabbits, rats or mice during the period... 

S4A Duration of chronic toxicity testing in animals (rodent and nonrodent)... 

In summary, probably due to the complex experimental work involved, bioaccumulation and chronic toxicity tests are scarce [40, 58] however, these studies are very important for a better knowledge of the effects on human health. 

In addition to acute toxicity tests, two standard chronic toxicity test methods are widely accepted by various regulatory agencies the seven-day Ceriodaphnia survival and reproduction test and the 21-day Daphnia reproduction test. 

The biological approach (whole effluent) to toxics control for the protection of aquatic life involves the use of acute and chronic toxicity tests to measure the toxicity of wastewaters. Whole effluent tests (WET) employ the use of standardized, surrogate freshwater or marine (depending on the mixture of effluent and receiving water) plants (algae), invertebrates, and vertebrates. 

In France, industrial effluents are regularly monitored for toxicity with daphnids. The toxicity data are used as a base for discharge taxation [193]. The Microtox test, chronic toxicity test, and a test on mutagenicity to the set of required bio-criteria are also used for wastewater monitoring [12,194]. 

Norway has a standardized test program for permit derivation, comprising the Ames mutagenicity test, acute and chronic toxicity tests, and a biodegradation test. For monitoring purposes, it is advised to start screening the toxicity of an effluent with a comparatively large... 

B.29 Sub-Chronic Inhalation Toxicity Test 90-Day Repeated Inhalation Dose Study Using Rodent Species (1988) B.30 Chronic Toxicity Test (1988)... 

The 28-day smdies are termed repeated dose (28 days) while the 90-day smdies are termed subchronic. The chronic toxicity test (B.30), requests at least 12 months duration. The preferred species is the rat. 

B.26 Sub-chronic oral toxicity test. Repeated dose 90-day toxicity study in rodents B.27 Sub-chronic oral toxicity test Repeated dose 90-day toxicity study in non-rodents B.28 Sub-chronic dermal toxicity test 90-Day repeated dermal dose study using rodent species B.29 Sub-chronic inhalation toxicity test 90-Day repeated inhalation dose study using rodent species B.30 Chronic toxicity test... 

An ICH guideline entitled Duration of Chronic Toxicity Testing in Animals (Rodent and Non-Rodent Toxicity Testing) indicates that a non-rodent study of 9 months may be acceptable in the United States, Japan and EU. 

Gersich, F.M. 1984. Evaluation of a static renewal chronic toxicity test method for Daphnia magna Straus using boric acid. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3 89-94. 

In the past, major new chemicals have often had R D lead times of seven to ten years. In such cases, some aspects of newly instituted environmental assessments (e.g. a portion of the time required for long-term chronic toxicity tests) can be conducted in parallel with other R D activities. In other cases such as batch-lot production activities, new test requirements simply extend the R D cycle for the length of the test program. 

Chronic toxicity tests with plants, invertebrates and vertebrates... 

Chronic toxicity tests with organisms that have the receptor... 

In the safety evaluation of chemicals, acute toxicity tests are those that evaluate effects occurring within about 7 days of a single dose, and sub-chronic toxicity tests evaluate toxicity resulting from short-term repeated dosing or exposure, often 28 days up to 90 days. Chronic toxicity tests are those that evaluate effects occurring after much longer exposures, at least six months and possibly up to the lifetime in experimental animals. 

No studies on the acute toxicity of C12LAS to algae and aquatic plants were found in the literature. Typical toxicity-testing protocols use a test duration of 4-7 days. This duration of testing represents a significant portion of the organisms life span for the taxa tested. Thus these toxicity tests are appropriately considered chronic-toxicity tests. 

Daphnid chronic toxicity test (life-cycle)... 

Kosmala, A., Charvet, S., Roger, M.-C. and Faessel, B. (1999) Impact assessment of a wastewater treatment plant effluent using instream invertebrates and the Ceriodaphnia dubia chronic toxicity test, Water Research 33 (1), 266-278. 

Sae-Ma, B., Meier, P.G. and Landrum, P.F. (1998) Effect of extended storage time on the toxicity of sediment-associated cadmium on midge larvae Chironomus tentans), Ecotoxicology 7 (3), 133-139. Sakai, M. (2001) Chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna for examination of river water quality,... 

Evaluation of a series of effluents using different acute and chronic toxicity test procedures. 

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