Zebra fish

The surfactant has no significant effect on golden orfe and zebra fish. 

Ciba-Geigy Ltd (1993d) Report on the acute toxicity test of irgastab 17 MOK-S to zebra-fish (Brachydanio rerio). Basel, Ciba-Geigy Ltd, 27 July (Test No. 928312). 

Hooftman RN, de Wolf JM (2003b) Trichloromethylstannane (CAS 993-16-8) Semi-static acute toxicity test with the zebra fish Brachydanio rerio. Zeist, TNO, May (Report No. V2492/03). 

Migchielsen MHJ (2004b) 8-Oxa-3,5-dithia-4-stannatetra-decanoic acid, 10-ethyl-4-[[2-(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]thio]-4-octyl-7-oxo-, 2-ethylhexyl ester [Mono-octyltin tris(2-ethyl-hexylmercaptoacetate), CAS No. 27107-89-7] 96-hour acute toxicity in zebra-fish with MOT(EHMA) (semi-static). TNO, Delft, for NOTOX, s-Hertogenbosch, 3 September (NOTOX Project 374985 TNO Study No. 5311/01). 

Schering AG (1998c) Acute toxicity of di-n-butyitin dilaurate (ZK 21976) to the zebra fish Danio rerio. Berlin, Schering AG,... 

Schering AG (1998g) Acute toxicity of mono-n-octyltin trichloride to the zebra fish. Berlin, Schering AG, August (Research Report No. IC18). 

Endosulfan does not bioaccumulate to high concentrations in terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems. In aquatic ecosystems, residue levels in fish generally peak within 7 days to 2 weeks of continuous exposure to endosulfan. Maximum bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are usually less than 3,000, and residues are eliminated within 2 weeks of transfer to clean water (NRCC 1975). A maximum BCE of 600 was reported for a-endosulfan in mussel tissue (Ernst 1977). In a similar study, endosulfan, isomers not specified, had a measured BCE of 22.5 in mussel tissue (Roberts 1972). Tissue concentrations of a-endosulfan fell rapidly upon transfer of the organisms to fresh seawater for example, a depuration half-life of 34 hours (Ernst 1977). Higher BCFs were reported for whole-body and edible tissues of striped mullet (maximum BCF=2,755) after 28 days of exposure to endosulfan in seawater (Schimmel et al. 1977). However, tissue concentrations decreased to undetectable levels 48 hours after the organisms were transferred to uncontaminated seawater. Similarly, a BCE of 2,650 was obtained for zebra fish exposed to 0.3 pg/L of endosulfan for 21 days in a flow-through aquarium (Toledo and Jonsson 1992). It was noted that endosulfan depuration by fish was rapid, with approximately 81% total endosulfan eliminated within 120 hours when the fish were placed in a tank of water containing no endosulfan. 

Toledo MCE, Jonsson CM. 1992. Bioaccumulation and elimination of endosulfan in zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio). Pestic Sci 36 207-211. 

Pre-exposure to the organophosphate diazinon at exposures half the LC50 values increased the LC50 value by a factor of about five for guppy (Poecilia reticulata), but had no effect on the value for zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio). This was consistent with the observation that during pre-exposure of guppy there was a marked inhibition in the synthesis of the toxic metabolites diazoxon and pyrimidinol, whereas this did not occur with zebra fish in which the toxicity was mediated primarily by the parent compound (Keizer et al. 1993). 

Demethylation of pentachloroanisole in rainbow tront (Salmo gairdneri = Oncorhyn-chus mykiss) (Glickman et al. 1977), and of chlorinated veratroles by zebra fish (Neilson et al. 1989). 

Keizer J, G d Agostino, R Nagel, F Gramenzi, L Vittozzi (1993) Comparative diazinon toxicity in guppy and zebra fish different role of oxidative metabolism. Environ Toxicol Chem 12 1243-1250. 

A second enzyme, BC02, was identified that cleaves carotenoids asymmetrically at the 9,10-double bond to produce the 10-apocarotenal (C27) and (3-ionone (C13), in a reaction similar to the Arabidopsis CCD7. Examples of BC02 have been cloned from mouse, zebra fish, ferret, and human (Kiefer et al. 2001, von Lintig et al. 2005, Hu et al. 2006). Substrate studies with different BC02s showed that these enzymes prefer acyclic carotenoids such as lycopene over cyclic carotenoids (Kiefer et al. 2001, von Lintig et al. 2005, Hu et al. 2006). These enzymes also seem to be selective for different carotenoid isomers. BC02 from ferret for example cleaves d,v-isomers of lycopene but not all-trans-lycopene (Hu et al. 2006). 

E. coll Eubacteria 5.23 Danio rerio (zebra fish) Fish NL... 

Nicolson, T., Rusch, A., Friedrich, R W., Granato, M., Ruppersberg, J. P., Nusslein-Volhard, C. Genetic analysis of vertebrate sensory hair cell mechanosensation the zebra-fish circler mutants. Neuron 20 271-283,1998. 

Keizer, J., G. D Agostino, and L. Vittozzi. 1991. The importance of biotransformation in the toxicity of xenobiotics to fish. I. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of diazinon in guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio). Aquat. Toxicol. 21 239-254. 

Copper complexes of substituted malonic acids had no influence on the acute toxicity towards adult zebra fish [227], possibly due to stronger chelating groups at the gill epithelia. In contrast, hatching of zebra fish, which is already very sensitive to Cu2+ alone, was delayed in the presence of hydrophobic ra-hexade-cyl malonate, and was not influenced by the less hydrophobic benzyl malonate [227], Overall, it appeared that the toxicity of free Cu2+ and the Cu-hexadecyl malonate complex was additive [227],... 

Copper complexes with organic acids from landfill leachates were contributing to the toxicity towards zebra fish embryos only if the molar mass of the complexes was sufficiently small to allow penetration of biological membranes [228]. Fractions of landfill leachate with M > 5000 g mol-1 had a... 

Figure 10. Median zebra fish embryo hatching rates as a function of calculated Cu2+ concentrations. Reprinted with permission from [228] Fraser, J. K. et al. (2000). Formation of copper complexes in landfill leachate and their toxicity to zebrafish embryos , Environ. Toxic. Chem., 19, 1397-1402. Copyright SETAC, Pensacola, Florida, USA...

Embryonic zebra fish model was employed to study fullerene toxicity. This model is quite convenient because the embryos are transparent in the first week of life and their rate of development is rather fast. C60, C70, and C60(OH)24 have been tested on early embryogenesis (Usenko et al., 2007), presenting effects on this process with malformations, pericardial edema, and mortality. The results for fullerols are milder, but it is difficult to attribute this effect to the presence of the functionalizations themselves or to the easier solubilization, implying diminished cluster formations and avoiding the use of solvents as toluene or THF, the presence of which can play an important role in toxicity, as already demonstrated. 

Two-photon fluorescence microscopy has also been used with good effect in the near-IR. For example, Ferguson et al.r24> at the University of Strathclyde have used 270 fsec pulses from a titanium sapphire (Ti sapphire) laser at 790 nm to observe visible fluorescence from dyes in zebra fish larvae and erythrocytes. The high depth and lateral definition afforded by the two-photon process and confocal microscopy are useful here. Also, the use of near-IR excitation minimizes photobleaching. 

Gerlai, R., Lahav, M., Guo, S., and Rosenthal, A., Drinks like a fish Zebra fish (Danio rerio) as a behaviour genetic model to study alcohol effects, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 67, 773-792,2000. 

Gerlai, R., Zebra fish an unchartered behaviour genetic model, Behav. Genet., 33,461-468,2003. 

A database search reveals that YPClp and YDClp are not homologous to any proteins with known functions, but are homologous to putative proteins from Arabidoposis, C. elegans, peptides deduced from EST sequences of human, mouse, pig, zebra fish, and human genomic sequences. A human homologue has been identified and its cDNA has been cloned. Preliminary results show that this human homologue is also an alkaline ceramidase that selectively hydrolyzes phytoCer. 

Nishikawa K, Kobayashi M, Masumi A, Lyons SE, Weinstein BM, Liu PP, Yamamoto M(2003) Selfassociation of gatal enhances transcriptional activity in vivo in Zebra Fish embryos. Mol Cell Biol 23(22) 8295-8305... 

Duplicate CYP19 genes in Zebra fish for specific expression in ovary and brain (Chiang et al., 2001). 

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