Tomato wastes

The extraction of carotenoids from tomatoes to yield tomato seed oil, the valorization of tomato waste to obtain lycopene, and their uses in functional foods are already established. 

Nunes, I.L. and Mercadante, A.Z., Production of lycopene crystals from tomato waste, Cienc. Tecnol. Alim., 24, 440, 2004. 

Souchon et al. [41] found this process to be very efficient in the recovery of tomato volatiles both from the model system and from commercial tomato waste stream. They reported that using a 1.4-m membrane surface, a 20-L/h waste stream flow, and hexane as the extracting solvent, they would recover approximately 95% of the hydrophobic tomato volatiles. Volatile recovery is dependent upon the type of volatile being extracted and the extracting solvent. 

Haloarcula, have been reported to have the ability to synthesise PHA from inexpensive carbon sources and PHA from these strains could be extracted easily compared with that of bacteria. Strain IKYSl, which exhibited the highest similarity with Natrinema pallidum JCM 8980 (99%), was isolated from a Tuzkoy salt mine, Tuz lake and its saltern of Kayacik, using cheap substrates such as corn starch, sucrose, whey, apple, melon and tomato wastes [39]. 

PS(1) Tomato wastes inhibition nitrite and ROS production, inhibition NF-kB activation and iNOS gene expression in-vitro [78]... 

Two polysaccharides (TOP-1 and TOP-2) isolated from Taraxacum officinale exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by reducing expression of inducible oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In cells treated with TOPs the inhibition of phosphorylation of inflammatory transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)kB, and its upstream signaling molecule, PI3K/Akt, was observed. Then, TOPs exerted their anti-infammatory effect through the inhibition of NFkB expression [77]. In a previous paper the inhibitory effect of a polysaccharide from tomato wastes on NFkB expression was already described [78]. In particular, PS(1)... 

Strati, A Lianidou, E.S Markou, A. Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of carotenoids from tomato waste. Food and Bioproducts Processing. In Press, Corrected Proof... 

Samples of dried tomato waste (10 g) were (1) treated with hexane to remove non-polar compounds, then extracted with ethanol at room temperature (Stajcic et al. 2015) and (2) extracted with hexane at room temperature, using a high performance homogenizer, Heidolph DIAX 900 (Heidolph Instruments GmbH, Kelheim, Germany). The extraction was performed three times with (1) different amounts of 80% ethanol 160 ml in 30 min, 80 ml in 30 min, 80 ml in 15 min at room temperature and (2) with 160 ml hexane for 10 min at room temperature... 

Cetkovic G, Savatovic S, Canadanovic-Brunet J, Djilas S, Vulic J, Mandic A, Cetojevic-Simin D. (2012) Valorisation of phenolic composition, antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of tomato waste. Food Chemistry 133 (3), 938-945. 

Strati and Oreopoulou studied the capability of different organic solvents (hexane, acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate and ethyl lactate) to extract carotenoids from tomato waste, composed by dry skin and seeds. In industry, tomato wastes generally accounting for 10 to 40% of the total tomato processed for tomato products. ... 

The tomato waste/solvent ratio was 1 10 and different extraction parameters (type of solvent, extraction time, temperature, and number of successive extractions) were tested. Regarding the extraction temperature, the experiments were carried out at 25 C. Carotenoid concentration (expressed as lycopene, since this carotenoid represents around 80-90% of total tomato carotenoids) increased with time and the equilibrium concentration was achieved at approximately 30 min of extraction time. The concentration was considerably low in ethanol (0.38 mg/L) and higher in ethyl lactate (12.52 mg/L) at equilibrium. The concentration for the other solvents was between 1.99-2.82 mg/L. 

With regard to the effect of temperature and type of solvent on carotenoids extraction yield (mg carotenoid per kg of dry tomato waste), the increase in extraction temperature generally increased the extraction yield. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences at 25 or 50 C in the case of hexane and ethyl lactate extracts. However, close to the highest temperature studied a greater extractability of carotenoids was observed for all solvents. 

The following substances have been added to culture media to increase the yields of dextran raw beet sugar or molasses,80 commercial maple sirup,1 yeast extract,81 magnesium and ammonium sulfates,82 tomato juice,8,81 calcium carbonate,3 and a water extract of waste sugarrefining charcoal (probably containing materials related to the vitamin B complex).88... 

Greenhouses, lumber mills, canneries, farmers, and manufacturers can reduce energy and disposal costs by using their waste as feedstock for energy systems. In Ireland, greenhouses for early tomatoes are heated with biomass from willow wood. The willow wood fuel costs one third as much as the oil it replaced. 

Figure 5. UASB Treatment Train for Tomato and Bean Wastes Note both aerobic and anaerobic treatment streams in sequence.

You may eat cresols in your food. Some foods that contain cresols are tomatoes, tomato ketchup, asparagus, cheeses, butter, bacon, and smoked foods. Drinks can also contain cresols. Coffee, black tea, wine, Scotch whiskey, whiskey, brandy, and rum can contain small amounts of cresols. People who live near garbage dumps or places where chemicals are stored or were buried, including hazardous waste sites, may have large amounts of cresols in their well water. They may drink some cresols in the tap water. At work places where cresols are produced or used, people may be exposed to large amounts of cresols. You can find more information on how much cresol is in the environment and how you can be exposed to it in Chapter 5. 

Sabio, E., Lozano, M., Montero de Espinosa, V., Mendes, R.L., Pereira, A.P., Palavra, A.F. and Coelho, J.A. 2003. Lycopene and (3-Carotene Extraction from Tomato Processing Waste Using Supercritical CO2. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 6641-6646. 

Other plants such as potatoes, cauliflower, cherries, and soybeans and several fungi may also be used as sources of peroxidase enzymes. Soybeans, in particular, may represent a valuable source of peroxidase because the enzyme is found in the seed coat, which is a waste product from soybean-based industries [90]. In this case, it may be possible to use the solid waste from the soybean industry to treat the wastewaters of various chemical industries. In fact, the direct use of raw soybean hulls to accomplish the removal of phenol and 2-chlorophenol has been demonstrated [105]. However, it should be noted that this type of approach would result in an increase in the amount of solid residues that must be disposed following treatment. Peroxidases extracted from tomato and water hyacinth plants were also used to polymerize phenolic substrates [106], Actual plant roots were also used for in vivo experiments of pollutant removal. The peroxidases studied accomplished good removal of the test substrate guaiacol and the plant roots precipitated the phenolic pollutants at the roots surface. It was suggested that plant roots be used as natural immobilized enzyme systems to remove phenolic compounds from aquatic systems and soils. The direct use of plant material as an enzyme source represents a very interesting alternative to the use of purified enzymes due to its potentially lower cost. However, further studies are needed to confirm the feasibility of such a process. 

Antonious, C.F. and Kochhar, T.S. (2003) Zingiberene and curcumene in wild tomato. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes 38(4), 489-500. Bartley, J.P. (1 995) A new method for the determination of pungent compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale). 

Baysal, T. Ersus, S. Starmans, D.A. J. 2000. Supercritical CO2 extraction of 3-carotene and lycopene from tomato paste waste. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48 5507-5511. 

Across a service road, conical mills blend feed for beef cattle, fattening in multilevel pens that conserve ground space. Tubes carry the feed to be mechanically distributed. A central elevator transports the cattle up and down, while a tubular side drain flushes wastes to be broken down for fertilizer. Beside the farther pen, a processing plant packs beef into cylinders for shipment to market by helicopter and mono-rail. Illuminated plastic domes provide controlled environments for growing high-value crops such as strawberries, tomatoes, and celery. Near a distant lake and recreation area, a pumping station supplies water for the vast operation."... 

Al-Wandawi, H., Abdul-Rahman, M. and Al-Shaikhly, K. 1985. Tomato processing waste as essential raw materials source. J. Agric. Food Chem. 33 804-807. 

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