Tomato seed

There has been several high profile foodborne illness outbreaks associated with fresh produce with sprouted seeds, tomatoes, and leafy greens remaining the most prominent (Table 4.1) (Doyle and Erickson, 2008). The underlying reasons for why specific produce types have been implicated in the majority of outbreaks can, in part, be explained by the market volume... 

Uses herbicide used pre-planting and incorporated with soil preparation to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in transplanted tobacco, and in direct-seeded tomatoes and capsicums. 

Pipian Pumpkin seed, tomato, com, achiote, epazote, Mexican oregano... 

Celery Seed. Celery spice is the dried ripe fmit of y piumgraveolens L. (UmbeUiferae) a biennial, sometimes aimual, herb native to southern Europe and grown extensively in India, China, Mexico, and the United States. The seed is 0.42 cm long and brown. The odor of the seed is characteristic and warm and the taste somewhat bitter. It is used in tomato ketchup, sauces, soups, pickles, pastries, salads, and certain cheeses. 

Gressel and Holm 56) attributed delayed germination of tomato seed and inhibited elongation of the seedling to unidentified ninhydrin-positive compounds present in the seed and foliage of Abutilon theophrasti. 

Parasorbic acid (Figure 2) was isolated from fruits of Sorbus aucuparia. Germination of mustard seed Sinapis alba) was affected adversely by parasorbic acid at 3.5 X 10-3 M and growth of excised tomato roots was inhibited at approximately 8.5 X 10 4 M (25). The acid also antagonized indoleacetic acid (IAA) in the Avena assay. Cornman 29,30) reported that parasorbic acid slowed down mitosis. Metaphase stages were observed to accumulate, but abnormalities were not detected. 

The extraction of carotenoids from tomatoes to yield tomato seed oil, the valorization of tomato waste to obtain lycopene, and their uses in functional foods are already established. 

The simplest and cheapest procedure to obtain standards is based on selective extraction followed by crystallization. A method developed to obtain lycopene from tomato residue using factorial experimental design consisted of a preliminary water removal with ethanol, followed by extraction with EtOAc and two successive crys-talhzation processes using dichloromethane and ethanol (1 4), producing lycopene crystals with 98% purity, measured by HPLC-PDA. Using this approach, bixin was extracted with EtOAc from annatto seeds that were previously washed with... 

Especially in dicotyledonous plant species such as tomato, chickpea, and white lupin (82,111), with a high cation/anion uptake ratio, PEPC-mediated biosynthesis of carboxylates may also be linked to excessive net uptake of cations due to inhibition of uptake and assimilation of nitrate under P-deficient conditions (Fig. 5) (17,111,115). Excess uptake of cations is balanced by enhanced net re-lea,se of protons (82,111,116), provided by increased bio.synthesis of organic acids via PEPC as a constituent of the intracellular pH-stat mechanism (117). In these plants, P deficiency-mediated proton extrusion leads to rhizosphere acidification, which can contribute to the. solubilization of acid soluble Ca phosphates in calcareous soils (Fig. 5) (34,118,119). In some species (e.g., chickpea, white lupin, oil-seed rape, buckwheat), the enhanced net release of protons is associated with increased exudation of carboxylates, whereas in tomato, carboxylate exudation was negligible despite intense proton extrusion (82,120). 

M. E. Brown, R. M. Jack.son, and S. K. Burlingham, Effects produced on tomato plants by seed or root treatment with gibberellic acid and indol-3yl-acetic acid. Journal of Experimental Botany /9 544 (1968). 

Five ml aliquots of leachate or extract were pipetted onto 3 sheets of germination paper in a petri dish. Twenty five tomato or radish seeds were placed in each dish. Each treatment/seed combination was replicated five times. The assays were incubated at 20°C radish roots length was measured at 96 hrs and tomato at 168 hrs. 

Root elongation bloassay of root exudates. Five ml aliquots of the root exudates were pipetted onto three layers of Anchor1 germination paper In a 10 by 10 by 1.5 cm plastic petri dish. Twenty five radish or tomato seeds were placed in a 5x5 array in each petri dish. Radish seeds were incubated at 20C for 96 hours tomato seeds were incubated at 20C for 168 hours, before the root length was measured. Experimental design was a completely randomized design with three replications (dishes) per treatment per bioassay seed species. The bioassay was repeated each week for 23 weeks. 

Comparison of the results of these two bioassays reported in table II illustrates the importance of the choice of the bloassay species, as well as the variability of results to be expected when "phytotoxins" are released into the environment. Treatments applied to the radish and tomato seeds were identical, but most treatments tended to inhibit radish growth and stimulate tomato growth. 

The most concentrated (1 16, w/w) extract inhibited only lettuce, tomato, and ryegrass. The osmolarity of the solution was 40.3 mOsm, insufficient to affect germination of most seeds (2). 

The responses of the test seed to increased external osmolarity were determined by germinating the seeds in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution of 40.3 mOsm (10). The only test seeds significantly affected by this treatment were those of tomato where PEG-treated seed germination was 69.3% of that observed in deionized water. Dilution of the aqueous extract to 1 32 (w/w) removed all inhibitory action, but the diluted solution increased wheat germination. 

Friedman M (2004), Analysis of biologically active compounds in potatoes (Solanun tuberosum), tomatoes (Lycopersicumesculentum), and jimson weed (Datura stramonium) seeds , J Chromatogr A, 1054, 143-155. 

Material required Air-dried (27-30°C) aerial parts of S. deppei to prepare aqueous leachate, Seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rio Grande), Osmometer, Growth Chamber Laminar flow hood. 

Bioassays are performed under sterile conditions in a laminar flow hood. Tomato seeds are previously washed and disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite. Seeds are germinated in the Petri dishes containing the S. deppei aqueous leachate. For control, seeds are germinated in 1% agar. Twelve seeds are placed on each Petri dish and kept in the dark at 27°C in a growth chamber. For enzyme activities, 40-50 Petri dishes are used per treatment. Primary roots (radicles) are excised after 72 h, frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept at -70 °C until use. For root growth response, experiments... 

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