Tomatoes, lycopene from

Tomato crtI from E. uredcvora CaMV 35S Increased P-carotene, decreased lycopene Romer et al., 2000... 

Rao, A.V. and Agarwal, S., Bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant properties of lycopene from tomato products and their possible role in the prevention of cancer, Nutr. Cancer, 3, 199, 1998. 

Hackett, M.M. et al., Thermal stability and isomerization of lycopene in tomato oleoresins from different varieties, J. Food ScL, 69, C536, 2004. 

Traditionally, carotenoid standards are prepared in each laboratory using the best sources of each individual carotenoid, for example, violaxanthin from spinach, antheraxanthin from potatoes, capsanthin and capsorubin from paprika, a- and P-carotene from carrots, and lycopene from tomatoes. 

The simplest and cheapest procedure to obtain standards is based on selective extraction followed by crystallization. A method developed to obtain lycopene from tomato residue using factorial experimental design consisted of a preliminary water removal with ethanol, followed by extraction with EtOAc and two successive crys-talhzation processes using dichloromethane and ethanol (1 4), producing lycopene crystals with 98% purity, measured by HPLC-PDA. Using this approach, bixin was extracted with EtOAc from annatto seeds that were previously washed with... 

Wei, Y. et ah. Application of analytical and preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for separation of lycopene from crude extract of tomato paste, J. Chromatogr. A, 929, 169, 2001. 

Topal, U. et al.. Extraction of lycopene from tomato skin with supercritical carbon dioxide effect of operating conditions and solubility analysis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 5604, 2006. 

Population studies associate tomato consumption with reduced risk to prostate cancer. The most positive associations have come from cohort studies performed before the prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-screening era, and these studies have suggested that the tomato/lycopene effect was the strongest for clinically relevant prostate cancers (Giovannucci 2007). Small human studies have shown in vivo antioxidant effects for tomato products but evidence for lycopene alone is weak (Chen et al. 2001, Porrini and Riso 2000, Riso et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2006). Animal and tissue culture studies have been... 

Unlu, NZ, T Bohn, DM Francis, HN Nagaraja, SK Clinton, and SJ Schwartz. 2007. Lycopene from heat-treated cA-isomer-rich tomato sauce is more bioavailable than from all-/ram-rich tomato sauce in human subjects. BrJ Nutr 98(1) 140-146. 

Moisture. Moisture had different effects on the extraction yield of phytochemicals. For example, the a- and (3-carotene extraction yields using SC-CO2 increased from 184 to 599 pg/g dry carrot and from 354 to 892 pg/g, respectively, with decreasing the moisture in the feed material from 84.6 to 0.8%. The lutein yield decreased from 55.3 to 13 pg/g dry carrot with a decrease in moisture from 84.6 to 0.8% (Sun and Temelli 2006). For the extraction of lycopene from tomato with 50-60% moisture content, only trace amounts of lycopene were reported (Vasapollo and others 2004). 

The extraction of lycopene from tomato using ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) and ultrasound/microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) was also reported (Lianfu and... 

Gomez-Prieto MS, Caja MM, Herraiz M and Santa-Maria G. 2003. Supercritical fluid extraction of all trans-lycopene from tomato. J Agric Food Chem 51(1 ) 3—7. 

Porrini M, Riso P and Testolin G. 1998. Absorption of lycopene from single or daily portions of raw and processed tomato. Br J Nutr 80(4) 353-361. 

Rozzi NL, Singh RK, Vierling RA and Watkins BA. 2002. Supercritical fluid extraction of lycopene from tomato processing byproducts. J Agric Food Chem 50(9) 2638-2643. 

Vasapollo G, Longo L, Rescio L and Ciurlia L 2004. Innovative supercritical CO2 extraction of lycopene from tomato in the presence of vegetable oil as co-solvent. J Supercrit Fluids 29(1-2) 87-96. 

The major source of lycopene is tomato products but it also occurs in water melons, guavas, pink grapefruit, and in small quantities in at least 40 plants.14 The structure of lycopene is shown in Fig. 8.2. It is a long chain conjugated hydrocarbon and its structure suggests that it would be easily oxidized in the presence of oxygen and isomerized to cis compounds by heat. Both of these reactions occur in purified solutions of lycopene but in the presence of other compounds normally present in tomatoes, lycopene is more stable. Actually the absorption of lycopene in the human gut is increased by heat treatment probably because the breakdown of the plant cells makes the pigment more accessible. Preparations from tomatoes are widely used in pizza, pasta, soups, drinks and any product compatible with the flavor and color of tomatoes. 

It was found that the method is suitable for the extraction of 8.6mg of lycopene (RP-HPLC purity 98.5 per cent) from lOQmg of crude extract of tomato paste containing about 9 per cent of lycopene. The technique has been proposed for the preparative separation of lycopene from tomato paste [38],... 

The acquisition of a two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectrum gives the advantage of obtaining information about both the chemical shifts values 8 and the coupling system of each proton (the 2D plot allows us to establish the assignments of such coupling systems). Figure 5.2.5 depicts the stopped-flow 2D COSY NMR spectrum of all-E lycopene from a tomato extract. This was recorded within 24 h with a total of 280 increments and 256 transients. 

Figure 5.2.5 Stopped-flow COSY NMR spectrum of all-E lycopene from a tomato peel extract...

FIG. 6 Proposed mechanisms for the role of lycopene in chronic diseases. (Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases. Reprinted from CMAJ. 2000 163(6), pp. 739-744 by permission of 2000 CMA Media Inc.)... 

FIG. 12 Effect of dietary lycopene supplements on serum LDL oxidation (SS, spaghetti sauce TJ, tomato juice TO, tomato oleoresin). Bars with different letters are statistically different (p < 0.05). (Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation A human dietary intervention study. Reprinted from Lipids. 1988 33, pp. 981-984 by permission of AOCS Press.)... 

CO2 density on extraction of all-ira 5-lycopene from tomatoes and found the greatest yield at the highest density (0.90 g/mL) tested. However, while SFE is a relatively mild extraction technique, it is still necessary to consider the effect of extraction conditions on carotenoid stability to minimize the formation of isomer artifacts (Spanos et ah, 1993). 

Baysal, T. Ersus, S. Starmans, D.A. J. 2000. Supercritical CO2 extraction of 3-carotene and lycopene from tomato paste waste. J. Agric. Food Chem. 48 5507-5511. 

Thin-Layer Chromatography Analysis of Analgesics and Isolation of Lycopene from Tomato Paste... 

---