Phenolic pollutants

For selective estimation of phenols pollution of environment such chromatographic methods as gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector (ISO method 8165) and high performance liquid chromatography with UV-detector (EPA method 625) is recommended. For determination of phenol, cresols, chlorophenols in environmental samples application of HPLC with amperometric detector is perspective. Phenols and chlorophenols can be easy oxidized and determined with high sensitivity on carbon-glass electrode. 

ANALYTICAL APPLICATION OF SILICAS WITH COVALENT AND ION-EXCHANGE BONDING OF IMMOBILIZED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOR SELECTIVE PRE-CONCENTRATION AND DETERMINATION OF PHENOLIC POLLUTANTS... 

Hublik G, Schinnera F (2000) Characterization and immobilization of the laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus and its use for the continuous elimination of phenolic pollutants. Enzyme Microb Technol 27 330-336... 

Keywords Degradation kinetics, ozone, phenol, pollution... 

Bo, L. and Quan, X. and Wang, X. and Chen, S. (2008). Preparation and characteristics of carbon-supported platinum catalyst and its application in the removal of phenolic pollutants in aqueous solution by microwave-assisted catalytic oxidation. 

Kahru, A., Maloverjan, A., Sillak, H. Pollumaa, L. 2002. The toxicity and fate of phenolic pollutants in the contaminated soils associated with the oil-shale industry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International (Special Issue), 1, 27-33. 

Caro et al. made a noncovalent and a semicovalent MIP, respectively, for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). Their purpose was to extract selectively 4-NP from river water in the presence of ten other phenolic pollutants. The MIPs were used in an online MISPE procedure employing dichloromethane as wash solvent. Figure 4 (Fig. 1 of the original) shows the experimental setup. The pump on the left is used to deliver the conditioning solutions, the sample, and the wash solvent. The two pumps on the right deliver the organic and the aqueous components of the HPLC... 

One should note that the MISPE system served two goals here. First, the 10-mL samples were substantially preconcentrated on the MIP. Second, the levels of the other phenolic pollutants were selectively diminished against 4-NP by using the optimized washing procedure. While this example is educative it is not quite clear why the selective wash was needed. Figure 5 (Fig. 2 of the original) shows that the selectivity of HPLC alone was sufficient to determine 4-NP. 

Characteristic Mass Ions for GC/MS Determination of Some Common Phenol Pollutants... 

Other plants such as potatoes, cauliflower, cherries, and soybeans and several fungi may also be used as sources of peroxidase enzymes. Soybeans, in particular, may represent a valuable source of peroxidase because the enzyme is found in the seed coat, which is a waste product from soybean-based industries [90]. In this case, it may be possible to use the solid waste from the soybean industry to treat the wastewaters of various chemical industries. In fact, the direct use of raw soybean hulls to accomplish the removal of phenol and 2-chlorophenol has been demonstrated [105]. However, it should be noted that this type of approach would result in an increase in the amount of solid residues that must be disposed following treatment. Peroxidases extracted from tomato and water hyacinth plants were also used to polymerize phenolic substrates [106], Actual plant roots were also used for in vivo experiments of pollutant removal. The peroxidases studied accomplished good removal of the test substrate guaiacol and the plant roots precipitated the phenolic pollutants at the roots surface. It was suggested that plant roots be used as natural immobilized enzyme systems to remove phenolic compounds from aquatic systems and soils. The direct use of plant material as an enzyme source represents a very interesting alternative to the use of purified enzymes due to its potentially lower cost. However, further studies are needed to confirm the feasibility of such a process. 

Aitken MD, Massey IJ, Chen T, Heck PE. Characterization of reaction products from the enzyme catalyzed oxidation of phenolic pollutants. Water Res 1994 28 1879-1889. 

Heck PE, Massey IJ, Aitken MD. Toxicity of reaction products from enzymatic oxidation of phenolic pollutants. Water Sci Technol 1992 26(9-11) 2369—2371. 

Gernjak W, Krutzler T, Glaser A, et al. Photo-Fenton treatment of water containing natural phenolic pollutants. Chemosphere 2003 50 71-8. 

INTERACTION OF PHENOLIC POLLUTANTS WITH PNIPA HYDROGELS... 

The Ebonex ceramic anode has been used to study the electrolytic oxidation of trichloroethylene to CO2, CO, Cl , and ClOa [19]. Ebonex and Pb02-coated Ebonex electrodes were used for the electrochemical treatment of phenolic pollutants in water [20]. 

One special extraction mode uses liquids of enhanced fluidity. These are prepared by combining a high proportion of an associated organic solvent with a low-viscosity liquid such as CO,. A comparison of this approach with SFE and SOX in terms of performance in the extraction of phenol pollutants from house dust revealed extraction with enhanced-fluidity liquids to provide results similar to those of SFE and better than those of SOX [170]. 

TABLE 4. The priority phenol pollutants according to US-EPA and the European Community... 

Phenolic pollutants in the effluent from tertiary sewage treatment plants were preconcentrated by SPE on a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. The performance was superior to that of graphitized carbon black (GCB). Recoveries were good in spite of the wide polarity range of the phenols ". ... 

Pressurized LLE using acetic anhydride for simultaneous acylation was applied to the analysis of phenolic pollutants, sterols and carboxylic acids in environmental and microbial samples . ... 

An automatic method for the analysis of trace phenolic pollutants in water consists of off-line acetylation with acetic anhydride followed by sampling (10 mL), SPE on a polydimethylsiloxane cartridge, loading, drying to remove water and derivatizing agent excess, thermal desorption and GC-MS in the SIM mode. LOD was about 1-5 ngL ... 

The stability and recovery of phenolic pollutants in water after SPE was investigated. Three types of polymeric materials were used. Long-term storage of the phenol-loaded sorbants showed losses up to 70% at room temperature while recovery was complete after storing for two months at —20°C. Stability depends on the water matrix, storage temperature, and the properties of each analyte such as water solubility and vapor pressure. End analysis was by LC with UVD . 

Comparative studies were carried out to determine the efficiency of the various detection methods in the analysis of phenolic compounds. On-line SPE of sixteen priority phenol pollutants in water on polystyrene was followed by HPLC separation and detection. The sensitivity of ELD was higher than that of UVD. LOD down to the ppt level was attained by ELD on 100 mL samples for all the chorinated phenols however, nitrophenols could not be equally determined because they require working potentials different from those... 

The possibility of determining trace phenolic pollutants in water by TLC was investigated. The analytes were preconcentrated by SPE and subjected to both classical and multiple gradient development TLC. In situ quantation was performed by UV absorption or by visible light absorption after treatment with Wuster s reagent (115). LOD was... 

Double-chain surfactants with two sulfonate groups were proposed for micellar elec-trokinetic chromatography (MEC) analysis of phenolic pollutants in water °. CE with ESI-MS detection was applied to the analysis of phenolic compounds in olive mill wastewaters. Quantitative analysis was performed in the negative SIM mode, using p-chlorophenol as internal standard. LOD ranged from 1 pg for 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and protocatechuic acid (27) to 386 pg for vanillic acid (38) °". A modified montmorillonite served for SPE preconcentration of phenols, followed by EtOH desorption and CE end analysis . 

The analysis of phenolic pollutants in the atmosphere involves collection of the pollutants in a liquid film. End analysis is by MEC with direct UVD of the analytes . 

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