Toluene liver damage

Toluene Yet another toxic ingredient found in nail polish, toluene can irritate both the skin and the respiratory tract. It can also cause liver damage (though you d have to use an extreme amount). 

Dossing and Ranek reported on liver damage in chemical workers exposed to low levels of carbon disulfide, isopropanol, toluene, and other chemicals in trace quantities. The researchers suggested that the liver injury was caused by the combined action of organic solvents and compared it to the known synergistic effect of isopropanol on the hepatotoxic-ity of carbon tetrachloride. I26 ... 

A study of petrochemical workers exposed to a mixture of benzene (2.13), toluene (2.73), and xylene (3.15), each below its TLV (and total VOCs below all three individual TLVs) produced hepatotoxic effects. No reason for the observed effect was offered, but it was concluded that exposure to low level aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures can cause liver damage. 43 ... 

Dow Coming Corporation and other companies have incorporated VMS fluids into a variety of formulated products to replace a variety of solvents. These include solvents classified as ODS, VOCs, or HAPs such as CFC-113, saturated hydrocarbons like hexane and Stoddard solvents, and in some cases aromatic solvents like toluene and xylene. All of the replaced solvents are VOCs except CFC-113 which is an ODS. Furthermore, hexane is a neurotoxin, and many of the others are thought to cause liver damage. These characteristics are in contrast to the environmental friendliness and low order of toxicity of the linear VMS fluids. Many applications depend on the excellent solvency of VMS fluids for other silicone materials. The impact of VMS is multiplied by the versatility of silicone products which serve a broad spectmm of US companies, including those in the transportation, constmction, electronics, health care, textiles, paper, personal care, coatings, and process industries. 

Benzene itself is quite toxic to humans and can cause severe liver damage toluene, although not harmless. Is much less toxic. How can such different behavior of two very similar compounds be possible To eliminate benzene from the body, the aromatic ring must be oxidized, but intermediates in this oxidation are damaging. However, the methyl side chain of toluene can be oxidized to give benzoic acid, which can be excreted. None of the intermediates in this process causes health problems. Conversely, nitro-substituted PAHs, especially of benzo[a]pyrene, are often about 1 0 times more carcinogenic than their unsubstituted analogues, and studies are currently underway to understand this effect. 

Toxicology. p-tert-Butyl toluene is an irritant of the mucous membranes, a central nervous system depressant and may cause cardiovascular and hematologic disturbances chronic exposure in animals causes lung, brain, liver, and kidney damage. 

Liver or kidney damage Toluene, and carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,2-2-tetrachloroethane, chloroform... 

Xylene, similar to toluene, acts as a neurotoxin. Most exposure results from inhalation of fumes from products that contain xylene. Xylene concentrations in the air of 100 ppm or less can irritate the nose, throat, and eyes. As concentrations increase, xylene produces headaches, dizziness, and disorientation. Exposures at high concentrations for an extended time may result in paralysis or death. Xylene may cause liver and kidney damage. 

Lighter fuels, benzene, toluene, cleaning fluids (carbon tetrachloride), petrol, paraffin, and even the fluorocarbon propellants found in various household sprays and medications have all been used, particularly by children, to produce changes in consciousness. They are all inhaled, often with the aid of a plastic bag, and, since they are lipid-soluble, they are readily concentrated in brain tissue. As with many anesthetics there is an early period of hyperactivity, excitement, and intoxication, followed by sedation and confusion. Prolonged or regular use can cause serious toxicity, with bone-marrow depression, cardiac dysrhythmias, peripheral neuropathy, cerebral damage, and liver and kidney disorders (1). 

Volatile solvent abuse or glue sniffing, is common among teenagers, especially males. The success of the modem chemical industry provides easy access to these substances as adhesives, dry cleaners, air fresheners, deodorants, aerosols and other products. Various techniques of administration are employed viscous products may be inhaled from a plastic bag, liquids from a handkerchief or plastic bottle. The immediate euphoriant and excitatory effects are replaced by confusion, hallucinations and delusions as the dose is increased. Chronic abusers, notably of toluene, develop peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar disease and dementia damage to the kidney, liver, heart and limgs also occurs with solvents. Over 50% of deaths from the practice follow cardiac arrhythmia, probably caused by sensitisation of the myocardium to catecholamines and by vagal inhibition... 

Carcinogens Many aromatic compounds, particularly benzene, toluene, and xylene, were once commonly used as industrial and laboratory solvents. However, tests have shown that the use of such compounds should be limited because they may affect the health of people who are exposed to them regularly. Health risks linked to aromatic compounds include respiratory ailments, liver problems, and damage to the nervous system. Beyond these hazards, some aromatic compounds are carcinogens, which are substances that can cause cancer. 

Paints often contain solvents such as toluene, xylene, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, and methylene chloride, as well as heavy metals in their pigments including chromium yellow, lemon yellow (barium chromate), vermilion red (cadmium and mercuric sulfides), and flake white (lead). Both acute and chronic exposures to toluene and xylene are associated with neurotoxicity and can also damage the liver and kidneys. 

Male preteen children are most likely to experiment with solvent inhalation. Abuse of nitrous oxide is relatively common. Toxic inhalants such as heptane, hexane, methylethylketone, toluene, and trichloroethylene may result in central and peripheral neurotoxicity, liver and kidney damage, and pulmonary disease. Sudden death has occurred following inhalation of fluorocarbons. Industrial solvents rarely cause methemoglobinemia, but this (and headaches) may occur following excessive use of nitrites. The answer is (C). 

Benzene. Benzene can damage bone marrow it causes various blood disorders, and its effects may lead to leukemia. Benzene is considered a serious carcinogenic hazard. It is absorbed rapidly through the skin and also poisons the liver and kidneys. In addition, benzene is flammable. Because of its toxicity and its carcinogenic properties, benzene should not be used in the laboratory you should use some less dangerous solvent instead. Toluene is considered a safer alternative solvent in procedures that specify benzene. 

Toluene, OES-TWA 100 ppm and Xylene, OES-TWA 1000 ppm are frequently used solvents which have toxic effects common to other solvents. They produce narcosis and can damage the liver and kidneys. 

The vast majority of these SDWA-regulated chemicals were the BTEX compounds—benzene, toluene, xylene, and ethylbenzene. The BTEX compounds appeared in 60 hydraulic fracturing products used between 2005 and 2009 and were used in 11.4 million gal of hydraulic fracfuring fluids. The Department of Healfh and Human Services, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and fhe USEPA have defermined that benzene is a human carcinogen (ATSDR, 2007). Chronic exposure to toluene, ethylbenzene, or xylene can also damage the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys (USEPA, 2012b). 

A second effect results from inhalation. For example, petrolenm prodncts are simple narcotics toluene affects blood cell production (the effect can be reversed), and also lowers sperm connt chlorinated hydrocarbons can cause liver and kidney damage and disturbance of heart rhythm which is sometimes fatal. 

Chemical intermediates, such as catechol and adipic acid, used in the manufacture of nylon-6,6, polyurethane, lubricants, and plasticizers are normally derived from petroleum-based benzene and toluene. Airborne benzene causes cancer and leukemia toluene leads to brain, liver, and kidney damage, and debilitates capacity for speech, vision, and balance. Researchers at Michigan State have developed a green method for biosynthesizing catechol and adipic acid from glucose, rather than from benzene and toluene, using genetically altered E. coli ... 

Most of the common solvents generally used cause severe hazards. One of the commonly used solvents, benzene is now known to cause or promote cancer in humans and other animals. Some of the other aromatic hydrocarbons, for example toluene could cause brain damage, have adverse effect on speech, vision and balance, or cause liver and kidney problems. All these solvents are widely used because of their excellent solvency properties. These benefits nevertheless, are coupled with health risks. 

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