Household sprays

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Lighter fuels, benzene, toluene, cleaning fluids (carbon tetrachloride), petrol, paraffin, and even the fluorocarbon propellants found in various household sprays and medications have all been used, particularly by children, to produce changes in consciousness. They are all inhaled, often with the aid of a plastic bag, and, since they are lipid-soluble, they are readily concentrated in brain tissue. As with many anesthetics there is an early period of hyperactivity, excitement, and intoxication, followed by sedation and confusion. Prolonged or regular use can cause serious toxicity, with bone-marrow depression, cardiac dysrhythmias, peripheral neuropathy, cerebral damage, and liver and kidney disorders (1). 

Pyrethrum is a very safe insecticide (oral LD50 in rats is 1500 mg/kg) and is very fastacting on insects, causing immediate paralysis. It is commonly formulated with synergists as household sprays and aerosols because insects may recover from pyrethrum alone. 

Such data are important for agricultural and household sprays, agricultural product processing, and printing inks. The baking and plastic industries often include initial boiling point temperature, the minimum allowable temperature at which the first several percent of the oil comes overhead during distillation, or both as part of their specifications for mineral oils. 

Ecuador into the U.S. The active principals are pyrethrins I and II, cinerins I and II, and jasmolin I and II, collectively known as pyrethrins. Pyrethrins are used extensively in stock sprays, pet sprays, household sprays, aerosols, and food protection in warehouses. Pyrethrins are stable for long periods in water-based aerosols, in which modern emulsifiers are used. Dermatitis from natural pyrethrins usually occurs on parts of the body exposed to the spray. The substance is a moderately potent allergic sensitizer. Crossreactions occur among pyrethrum, chrysanthemum, shasta daisy, and ragweed oleo resin [31, 32]. Asthma and urticaria have also been reported as reactions to natural pyrethrin [33, 34]. In 1972, Mitchell et al. found that a sesquiterpene lactone, pyrethrosin, was the chief allergen in pyrethrin [35]. Contact dermatitis due to pyrethrum is usually mild, but bullous reactions have been reported [36]. In Denmark, positive patch-test reactions to pyrethrum were obtained in 1-2% of dermatitis patients [37]. 

Essential oils are volatile substances and chemically different from the fatty oils. Their characteristic compounds are monoterpenes and esters with short-chain fatty acids. There are about 2500 essential oils but only about 100 are used. The essential oils are used especially in the perfume industry and for cosmetic articles in the food industry for creating aromatic essences in plastics, artificial leather, rubber, floor wax, household sprays and in pharmaceutical preparations because of their pharmaceutical effects, their antiseptic properties, and to improve taste. 

Aerosols can be produced as a spray of droplets by various means. A good example of a nebulizer is the common household hair spray, which produces fine droplets of a solution of hair lacquer by using a gas to blow the lacquer solution through a fine nozzle so that it emerges as a spray of small droplets. In use, the droplets strike the hair and settle, and the solvent evaporates to leave behind the nonvolatile lacquer. For mass spectrometry, a spray of a solution of analyte can be produced similarly or by a wide variety of other methods, many of which are discussed here. Chapters 8 ( Electrospray Ionization ) and 11 ( Thermospray and Plasmaspray Interfaces ) also contain details of droplet evaporation and formation of ions that are relevant to the discussion in this chapter. Aerosols are also produced by laser ablation for more information on this topic, see Chapters 17 and 18. 

Hydrocarbons have, for the most part, replaced CFCs as propellants. Most personal products such as hair sprays, deodorants, and antiperspirants, as well as household aerosols, are formulated using hydrocarbons or some form of hydro-carbon—halocarbon blend. Blends provide customized vapor pressures and, if halocarbons are utilized, a decrease in flammabiUty. Some blends form azeotropes which have a constant vapor pressure and do not fractionate as the contents of the container are used. 

When gases that are somewhat soluble in a Hquid concentrate are used, both concentrate and dissolved gas are expeUed. The dissolved gas then tends to escape into the atmosphere, dispersing the Hquid into fine particles. The pressure within the container decreases as the product is dispersed because the volume occupied by the gas increases. Some of the gas then comes out of solution, partially restoring the original pressure. This type of soluble compressed gas system has been used for whipped creams and toppings and is ideal for use with antistick cooking oil sprays. It is also used for household and cosmetic products either where hydrocarbon propeUants cannot be used or where hydrocarbons are undesirable. 

The greatest amount of surfactant consumption is in packaged soaps and detergents for household and industrial use. The remainder is used in processing textiles and leather, in ore flotation and oil-drilling operations, and in the manufacture of agricultural sprays, cosmetics, elastomers, food, lubricants, paint, pharmaceuticals, and a host of other products. 

Emulsives are solutions of toxicant in water-immiscible organic solvents, commonly at 15 ndash 50%, with a few percent of surface-active agent to promote emulsification, wetting, and spreading. The choice of solvent is predicated upon solvency, safety to plants and animals, volatility, flammabiUty, compatibihty, odor, and cost. The most commonly used solvents are kerosene, xylenes and related petroleum fractions, methyl isobutyl ketone, and amyl acetate. Water emulsion sprays from such emulsive concentrates are widely used in plant protection and for household insect control. 

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Over the last 30 years, ethanol s role as a solvent has increased sharply, while its role as a chemical intermediate has declined. In 1990, 59% of the 890 X 10 L demand was used for solvents and the remaining 41% was used for chemical intermediates (283). In 1960, solvents accounted for only 24% of the demand. The 1990 solvent uses were toiletries and cosmetics, 33% coatings, inks, and proprietary blends, 29% detergents and household cleaners, 14% external pharmaceuticals, 7% insecticides and disinfectants, 7% and miscellaneous, 10%. Ethanol demand for solvent appHcations has been fairly stable in recent years, growing at an average aimual rate of 2%. VOC regulations could impact its solvent use, particularly in areas like California, where ethanol in aerosols like hair spray and deodorants have come under scmtiny. 

Aerosol spray cans were invented in 1929, and perfection of a reliable valve and development of disposable cans took place in the 1940s. Shortly thereafter, aerosol became a household word. Like many other modem conveniences, however, the aerosol spray can has drawbacks as well as advantages. Because the particles in an aerosol are extremely tiny, they are quite mobile. They last for a long time in the atmosphere and can affect the climate, as already described. They can penetrate deep into our lungs and cause adverse health effects. Thus, anthropogenic aerosols have both global and local side effects. Despite increasing scientific studies, these effects are not yet fttlly understood. 

The availability of Compound 118 for wide scale experimentation in the field of agricultural, household, and public health uses makes necessary a method for determining minute amounts such as would be present in spray or dust residues on plants and in biological fluids and tissues. 

Pyrethrum became the main source of household insecticides in sprays in the USA (1919) and mosquito coils (1895) as well as oil-based preparations (1924) in Japan. Thereafter, the insecticidal ingredients shifted from pyrethrins to various synthetic pyrethroids, but mosquito coils have been used worldwide for more than 110 years without changing in shape. 

Insecticides are derived from petroleum oil, which can usually be applied in water-emulsion form and which have marked killing power for certain species of insects. For many applications for which their own effectiveness is too slight, the oils serve as carriers for active poisons, as in the household and livestock sprays. 

The industry includes a large proportion of owner-operators, usually made up of one self-employed, year-round worker who hires seasonal help when the number of customers exceeds a few dozen clients. At the other end of the scale are vast franchises employing thousands of people and serving hundreds of thousands of households. In between are any number of small regional firms. For any operation of more than one owner/worker, moreover, the division of labor is spread between owners, managers, sales staff, and technicians (people who spray the chemicals). 

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