Green method

B. D. Green. Method for creating dense drilling fiuid additive and composition therefor. Patent WO 0168787A, 2001. 

M. L. H. Green, J. Organomet. Chem. 500 (1983), 127. The Green method is also called the Covalent-Bond-Classification (CBC) method. 

Other important successes have been achieved in developing clean, green, methods to oxidize alcohols, for example, the Ru/TEMPO (tetramethylpiperidiny-loxyl radical) catalysis, shown in Figure 9.4, for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols. ... 

After performing the bioconversion in an ionic liquid, the product needs to be recovered and the biocatalyst and the ionic liquid recycled. Relatively volatile products can be removed by evaporation. Alternatively, immiscible organic solvents can be used to extract the product, and the biocatalyst can be recycled as a suspension in the ionic liquid phase [58]. A more elegant, green method, which avoids the use of volatile organic solvents altogether, involves the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as the extractive phase [96, 147, 148]. 

Similarly, a water-soluble palladium complex of a sulfonated phenanthroline ligand catalyzed the highly selective aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols in an aqueous biphasic system in the absence of any organic solvent (Figure 1.8) [40]. The liquid product could be recovered by simple phase separation, and the aqueous phase, containing the catalyst, used with a fresh batch of alcohol substrate, affording a truly green method for the oxidation of alcohols. 

Albumin can be measured quantitatively by the bromcresol green method in most species (Evans and Duncan 2003). Other proteins (described below) are measured by immunometric methods. Newer methods based on proteomics technology (concentration of proteins by acetone precipitation or ultracentrifugation, separation by 2-d gel electrophoresis or chromatographic techniques with subsequent identification and quantitation by mass spectrometry) have been used experimentally (Bandara and Kennedy 2002 Chapman 2002 Thongboonkerd et al. 2002a, b). 

Figure 2. Number ofpublications resulting from an ISl Web ofScience literature search for 1990 - 2006for the keywords green chemistry (m), and the combination of green anal or clean anal or green method (a).

EI34 Buffone, G.J., DeArmas, W., Frawley, V., Ou, C.-N. and Schimbor, C. (1984). Multilayer-film bromcresol green method for albumin measurement compared with three others. Clin. Chem. 30, 581-582. 

E699 Green, R.J., Day, B.S. and Powers, D.M. (1991). Multilayer-film bromcresol green method for albumin measurement significantly inaccurate when albumin/ globulin ratio < 0.8 (Response to a letter). Clin. Chem. 37, 767-768. 

High sensitivity characterizes the methods based on ion-associates formed by anionic complexes of V(V) with basic dyes. The Brilliant Green method has been described above [33]. The vanadium complex with PAR associated with Crystal Violet is extracted into a mixture of benzene with MIBK (3-f2) (e = l.l lO ) [51]. In a proposed flotation-spectrophotometric method, the V complex with 3,5-dinitropyrocatechol, associated with Rhodamine B, is separated by shaking the solution with cyclohexane the separated compound is washed and dissolved in acetone (e = 2.1-10 at 555 nm) [52], A similar sensitivity is achieved in the method using 5,7-dichloro-oxine and Rhodamine 6G [53]. Another flotation-spectrophotometric method for determining V has been based on 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid and Rhodamine B [54]. 

Fig. 14.9 Manifolds for the determination of albumin by the Bromo-cresol Green method, carried out by three different continuous-flow techniques (a) SFA (b) FIA and (c) CDFA. (Courtesy of Technicon and reproduced from [30] and [28] with permission of Elsevier and the Royal Society of Chemistry, respectively).

Stokol T., J. M. Tarrant, and J. M. Scarlett. 2001. Overestimation of canine albumin with bromcresol green method in heparinized plasma samples. Veterinary Clinical Pathology 30 170-176. 

J. F. van Staden and H. R. van Vliet, Flow Injection Analysis for Determining Total Alkalinity in Surface, Ground and Domestic Water Using the Automated Bromocresol Green Method [in Afrikaans]. Water SA, 10 (1984) 168. 

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