Tobacco smoke particulate matter

Nicotine aa> values in tobacco smoke particulate matter can be estimated based on nicotine volatility from the smoke particulate matter phase, as controlled by the gas/partitioning constant Kp (Pankow et al. 1997) ... 

Pankow JF, Tavakoli AD, Lu W, Isabelle LM (2003) Percent free base nicotine in the tobacco smoke particulate matter of selected commercial and reference cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 16 1014-1018... 

Ingebrethsen, B.J., D.L. Heavner, A.L. Angel, J.M. Conner, T.J. Steichen, and C.R. Green A comparative study of environmental tobacco smoke particulate matter measurements in an environmental chamber J. Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. 38 (1988) 413 17. 

Proc Okla Acad Sci 1974 54 34-35. Demole, E., and C. Demole. A chemical study of hurley tobacco flavour Nicotiarui tabacum). VII. Identification and synthesis of twelve irregular terpenoids related to solanone, including 7,8-dioxabicycIo[3,2,l]-octane and 4,9-dioxabicycIo[3.3.1 Jnonane derivatives. Helv Chim Acta 1975 58 1867. Bharadwaj, B. V., S. Takayama, T. Yamada, and A. Tanimura. N -nitro-sonornicotine in Japanese tobacco products. Gann 1975 66 585. Randolph, H. R. Gas chromatographic determination of nicotine in an isopropyl alcohol extract of smoke particulate matter. Tobacco 1974 176 44-Yung, K. H., and D. H. Northcote. Enzymes in the walls of mesophyll cells of tobacco leaves. Biochem J 1975 151 141. 

As stated above, indoor pollution has a high content of particulate matter (solids and aerosols), including that in tobacco smoke. Particulates may originate inside a closed area or drift inwards into a building from the outside. Other important sources include combustion processes inside the homes,... 

Randolph, H.R. A gas chromatographic determination of nicotine from an isopropyl alcohol extract of TPM 27th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 27, Paper No. 19, 1973, p. 12 A gas chromatographic determination of nicotine in an isopropyl alcohol extract of smoke particulate matter Tob. Sci. 18(1974) 133-135. 

Watanabe, R. and S.H. Wender Flavonoid and certain related phenolic compounds in parts of the tobacco flower Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 112 (1965) 111-114. Watson, D.C., R.W. Hale, and H.R. Randolph Automation of the gas chromatographic analysis of water in smoke particulate matter J. Chromat. Sci. 8 (1970) 143-146. 

Airborne material affecting the quality of indoor air may be classified as gases or particulate matter. Gases which may be potential problems are radon, CO, NOj, and hydrocarbons. Particulate matter may come from tobacco smoke, mold spores, animal dander, plant spores, and others as shown in Table 23-1. Other factors interact to influence our perception of indoor air quality, including humidity, temperature, lighting, and sound level. 

Relative to the conjugate acid AlkH+, the conjugate base Aik is free of the H+. Hence, Aik is frequently referred to as the free-base form of the alkaloid. Reaction 1 occurs readily in many environments including cellular cytoplasm, water, the particulate matter droplets of tobacco smoke, and blood serum. 

TAR/TPM Total particulate matter. An all-purpose term for particle-phase constituents of tobacco smoke, many of which are carcinogenic (cancer-causing) or otherwise toxic. 

The compounds of the particle phase are collectively called tar, or total particulate matter (TPM). Tar is the oily residue left behind when moisture evaporates from burned tobacco. It contains thousands of compounds, including cancer-causing aromatic amines, nitro-samines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that are present in both smoking and smokeless tobacco. Other harmful constituents include radioactive lead and polonium as well as arsenic, among others. 

Many indicators or substitute measures are in use in public health. Some are exposure indicators. Examples are COhb as an indicator for CO poisoning, nicotine as indicator for tobacco smoke, C02 as ventilation indicator, PM10 as a measure of particulate matter, and Olf/Decipol as an indicator for air pollution with bio-effluents from occupants. Some are health indicators, such as changed lung function for health effects caused by indoor air environment, and some may have a double function as both exposure and effect indicator (such as SBS). 

Using a one-dimensional Monte Carlo analysis to estimate population exposure and dose uncertainty distributions for particulate matter, where model inputs and parameters (e.g. ambient concentrations, indoor particulate matter emission rates from environmental tobacco smoke, indoor air exchange rates, building penetration values, particle deposition rates) are represented probabilistically with distributions statistically fitted to all available relevant data. 

The laboratory of the Government Chemist in London undertakes the analysis of tobacco smokes in order to produce league tables (Fig. 20) of the tar and nicotine content of all cigarette brands available in the UK, on behalf of the British government. In this context tar is defined as the total particulate matter present in the main-stream smoke (inhaled smoke), adjusted for its content of water and nicotine alkaloids. Nicotine is defined as the total nicotine-type alkaloids present in the mainstream smoke both are expressed in mg per cigarette. The tar and nicotine league tables are published every six months, and include details of approximately 130 brands of cigarette. 

Tobacco smoke contains both particulate matter (see Chapter 4) and a large number of gaseous and vapor components. These components include CO, CO2, NO, NO2, acrolein, pyridine, methyl chloride, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and dimethylnitrosamine. Particulate matter comprises, for example, nicotine, pyrene, benzo( )pyrene, naphthalene, methyl naphthalene, aniline, and ni-trosonomicotine. 

Tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke produces particulate matter that acts as an adsorption site for toxic vapors)26 In addition to particulates, tobacco smoke produces more than 4000 individual toxic compounds, including 43 known carcinogens. 27 Many of the toxic effects of tobacco smoke that have been established empirically cannot be ascribed to individual compounds in that smoke. With more than 4000 different toxins, the number of mixtures possible is incalculable. Numerous examples of synergism between tobacco smoke and other toxicants have been identified. These include tobacco smoke and asbestos or other mineral fibers, I28 29 alcohol, I30 31 organic solvents, 32 biological... 

Indoor combustion sources are related mainly to cooking, heating and tobacco smoking. In addition, outdoor combustion products, which in urban environments originate most commonly from vehicle emissions, penetrate inside and contribute to indoor pollution. Under ideal conditions, complete combustion of carbon results only in the generation of CO2 and water vapour. Any products other than CO2 are often called products of incomplete combustion and include particulate matter and gases. 

Evidence for health effects associated with exposure to smoke from combustion of biomass fuels was provided initially by studies on outdoor air pollution as well as by studies dealing with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Criteria documents for outdoor air pollutants published by the USEPA [ 13], for example, detail the effects of many components, including particulate matter, carbon monoxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Quackenboss JJ, Bronnimann D, Camilli AE, et al. 1988. Bronchial responsiveness in children and adults in association with formaldehyde, particulate matter, and environmental tobacco smoke exposures [Abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 137 253. 

People exposed to PAHs in conjunction with particulates from tobacco smoke, fossil-fuel combustion, coal fly ash, and asbestos fibers are at increased risk of developing toxic effects, primarily cancer. Even people not susceptible to the toxic effects of PAHs may become affected when exposure occurs in conjunction with exposure to particulates (NRC 1983). This enhanced effect results from the adsorption of PAHs onto the particulates. They are vacuolized into cells, and distributed differently in tissues depending on the size and type of particulate matter. This increased PAH uptake may result in more efficient induction of AHH activity at low PAH concentrations. This activity also increases the dose to the gastrointestinal tract as a result of mucocilliary clearance (NRC 1983). This synergistic action between PAHs and particulate matter in air pollution has been associated with the occurrence of stomach cancer in humans (Fraumeni 1975). 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a class of compounds that contain two or more fused benzene rings. They are environmental pollutants and the most ubiquitous, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), has been upgraded by the International Agency for Research on Cancer to a Group 1 or known human carcinogen [1]. PAHs are products of fossil fuel combustion they are a component of fine particulate matter (size 2.5pm) and as a consequence contaminate the air we breathe, the soil and water supply, and enter the food chain [2, 3]. They are also introduced artificially into smoked, cured, and barbecued food [4, 5], Finally, they are present as a complex mixture in tobacco smoke and second-hand smoke, and are suspect causative agents in human lung cancer [6]. 

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