Phenol and related compounds

A large number of volatile phenols and related compounds occur in vegetables and fruits, and some of them are potent aroma compounds. The majority of volatile phenols and related compounds in plants are formed mainly through the shikimic acid pathway, and are present in intact plant tissue either as free 

Volatile compounds in fruits are diverse, consisting of hundreds of different chemical compounds comprising only 0.001-0.01% of the fruits fresh weight [36, 43]. This diversity is partially responsible for the unique flavours found in different species of fruit as well as differences among individual cultivars. 

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Special procedures apply to certain chemicals, e.g. anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, aqueous hydrofluoric acid, phenol and related compounds)... 

The reaction of active hydrocarbons, phenols, and related compounds with tetrasulfur tetranitride affords fused thiadiazoles, and this chemistry is well documented in CHEC(1984) <1984CHEC(6)513> and CHEC-II(1996) <1996CHEC-II(4)355>. No recent work has been reported. 

Phenols and related compounds are highly toxic to humans and aquatic organisms, thus becoming a cause for serious concern in the environment when they enter the food chain as water pollutants. Even at very low levels (i.e., <1 ppb), phenols affect the taste and odor of water and fish [253]. New environmental regulations introduced throughout the world place greater emphasis on treatment of this industrial waste. This fact has been realized by the pulp in-... 

Boutwell RK, Bosch DK. 1959. The tumor-promoting action of phenol and related compounds for mouse skin. Cancer Res 19 413-424. 

Figure 6-13 6-311+G vs. Experimental Aqueous-Phase Relative Acidities of Alcohols, Phenols and Related Compounds...

Steenken, S. and Neta, P., One-electron redox potentials of phenols. Hydroxy and amino-phenols and related compounds of biological interest, J. Phys. Chem., 3661, 1982. 

Fig. 7.5 Some phenols and related compounds that are important for the flavour of fruits and...

In the 1860s, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) confirmed the germ theory of disease with his discovery of bacteria. This led to the discovery of the antiseptic properties of phenol and related compounds, which, as discussed in Chapter 12, could be used to prevent bacterial infection. The first major advance toward curing bacterial diseases was not made until the 1930s, however, when sulfur-containing compounds known as sulfa drugs were developed. Next came penicillin,... 

One of the most reliable electrochemical methods for the synthesis of alkaloidal skeletons is the oxidative coupling of phenolic and related compounds. A typical early example is the oxidative coupling of corypalline 1 to its dimer 2 ... 

Phenols are important industrial chemicals, for example, in the production of various plastics and resins, and may leach into surface and ground waters either during production or from the discharged products at landfill sites. Because of their ecological importance and their widespread use, methods for phenols and related compounds (e.g., anilines) were developed already at an early stage. Many of these methods rely on GC (or GC/MS), which normally requires derivatization prior to GC analysis. Standard methods for the derivatization of phenols are silylation, methylation, or acetylation.5 The last mentioned has the advantage that it can be carried out in the aqueous sample directly. The deriva-tized phenols can thus be extracted more easily and with a higher yield from the aqueous sample by... 

Alvarez-Gallegos A, Pletcher D. The removal of low level organics via hydrogen peroxide formed in a reticulated vitreous cathode cell Part 2. The removal of phenols and related compounds from aqueous effluents. Electro-chim Acta 1999 44 2483-2492. 

The solvent often exerts a profound influence on the quality and shape of the spectrum. For example, many aromatic chromophores display vibrational fine structure in non-polar solvents, whereas in more polar solvents this fine structure is absent due to solute-solvent interaction effects. A classic case is phenol and related compounds which have different spectra in cyclohexane and in neutral aqueous solution. In aqueous solutions, the pH exerts a profound effect on ionisable chromophores due to the differing extent of conjugation in the ionised and the non-ionised chromophore. In phenolic compounds, for example, addition of alkali to two pH units above the pKa leads to the classical red or bathochromic shift to longer wavelength, a loss of any fine structure, and an increase in molar absorptivity (hyper chromic... 

The ratios of other oxidoreductase centers to Cu abundances represent the relative importance of oxidations of phenols and related compounds while Mo is involved with redox transformation of non-metal oxo-species mainly. During succession. Mo levels and Mo/M ... 

Table 5 Different solvent systems were used as developers for thin layer chromatographic separation for simple phenolic and related compounds as cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and tannic acid...

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