Gland secretions

Himdin [8001-27-2] is a polypeptide of 66 amino acids found ia the saUvary gland secretions of the leech Himdo medicinalis (45). It is a potent inhibitor of thrombin and biads to y-thrombia with a dissociation constant of 0.8 x 10 ° M to 2.0 x lO " M. Himdin forms a stable noncovalent complex with free and bound thrombin completely iadependent of AT-III. This material has now been cloned and expressed ia yeast cells (46,47). Its antigenic poteatial ia humans remains to be estabUshed. 

MaePherson, L. M. D., and Dawes, C. (1991). Urea concentration in minor mucus gland secretions and the effect of salivary film velocity on urea metabolism by streptococcus vestibularis in an artificial plaque./Periodont. Res. 26, 395- 01. 

When exposure is repeated, the allergen binds between two adjacent IgE molecules. This causes release of inflammatory mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, chemotactic factors). These act locally and cause smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, mucous gland secretion, and infiltration of inflammatory cells (neutrophils and eosinophils). However, histamine can also be released by non-IgE-mediated mechanisms (e.g., due to exposure to certain fungi). 463... 

These cascades of reactions need time in the range of seconds synaptic transmission through GPCRs is slow. All further postsynaptic changes depend on the type of postsynaptic cell. For example activation of 32-adrenoceptors causes in the heart an increase of the rate and force of contraction in skeletal muscle glycogenolysis and tremor in smooth muscle relaxation in bronchial glands secretion and in sympathetic nerve terminals an increase in transmitter release. 

Behavioural testing of protein fractions has not kept pace with semiochemical studies. Belcher et al. (1990) found that the mixed scent marks of the Saddle-backed Tamarin (S. fusicollis) comprise urine and genital/suprapubic gland secretions. Both sexes deposit mixtures of pheromonally active large molecules at, for example, exudate feeding... 

Fig. 7.2(a) Inter-sexual, direct scent transfer signal- injection , by scarification of female s skin. Male salamander transfers chin-gland secretion (inset) with dimorphic tooth-scraper (from Arnold, 1977). 

Burger B.V. and Pretorius P.J. (1988). Identification of thiazole derivatives in the preobital gland secretions of the Gray Duiker Sylvicapra grimnia, and the Red Duiker Cephalophus natalensis. Z Naturforsch (C) 43, 731-736. 

Crewe R.M., Burger B.V., Le Roux M. and Katsir Z. (1979). Chemical constituents of the chest gland secretion of the Thick-tailed galago (Galago crassicaudatus). J Chem Ecol 5, 861-868. 

Rehorek S., Hillenius W., Quan W., Halpem M., et al. (2000). Passage of Harderian gland secretions to the vomeronasal organ of Thamnophis sirtalis (Colubridae). Can J Zool 78, 1284-1288. 

The mouth is the region from the lips to the pharynx. The first step in the digestive process is chewing, or mastication, which is an initial mechanical breakdown of the food that facilitates its movement to the stomach. The mouth is lined with stratified squamous epithelium that provides extra protection from injury by coarse food materials. Three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity ... 

Ecdysis is the final stage and results in the shedding of the old cuticle. Immediately prior to ecdysis the pharynx begins twitching and gland secretions, predominantly composed of proteases, are released to aid removal of the old cuticle. Finally the pharynx lining is replaced and the animal then pushes with its head to break out of the old cuticle. 

Detection of the hyperparasitoid by the primary parasitoid has also been recently described. The parasitoid Aphidius uzbekistanikus detects trans-fused iridoids 21 produced by females of the hyperparasitoid A. victrix as part of their defensive cephalic gland secretion. The iridoids cause avoidance behavior in A. uzbekistanikus [46]. 

Soini, H.A., Schrock, S.E., Bruce, K.E., Wiesler, D., Ketterson, E.D. and Novotny, M.V. (2007) Seasonal variation in volatile compound profiles of preen gland secretions of the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). J. Chem. Ecol. 33, 183-198. 

Hayes, R.A., Morelli, T.L. and Wright, RC. (2004) Anogenital gland secretions of Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi coquereli A preliminary chemical examination. Am. J. Primatol. 63, 49-62. 

Hayes, R.A., Richardson, B.J., Claus, S.C. and Wyllie, S.G. (2002) Semiochemicals and social signalling in the wild European rabbit in Australia II. Variations in chemical composition of chin gland secretion across sampling sites. J. Chem. Ecol. 28, 2613-2625 Heckel, G., Voigt, C.C., Mayer, F. and von Helversen, O. (1999) Extra-harem paternity in the white-lined bat Saccopteryx bilineata. Behaviour 136, 1173-1185... 

Of all animals hair samples of four different body areas (throat region, sternal region, lateral abdomen, ventral of the base of the tail) (Fig. 15.1) were taken using an electric hair-clipping device. Additionally, during one breeding season, swabs of the anal gland secretion were collected from 8 male and 7 female fossas. 

Sun, L. and Muller-Schwarze, D. (1998) Anal gland secretion codes for family membership in the beaver. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 44, 199-208. 

Fig. 20.2 Pheromone delivery in Desmognathus ocoee salamanders and the method of pheromone delivery used during behavioural trials. A receptive female places her chin on the tail base of the male and typically straddles his tail. The male turns back towards the female and places his submandibular mental gland on her dorsum. The male then uses his premaxillary teeth to scratch the site on her dorsum that he has swabbed with his mental gland secretions. To mimic pheromone delivery in behavioural trials, each male was deglanded and a treatment solution was delivered to each female in a treatment patch (TrP) placed on her dorsum just posterior to the head. Photograph by Stevan J. Arnold...

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