Human tissue fluids

Average pH Values of Human Tissue Fluids and Secretions... 

Silver-brazed joints are used when temperature or the combination of temperature and pressure is beyond the range of soldered joints. They are also more reliable in the event of plant fires and are more resistant to vibration. If they are used for fluids that are flammable, toxic, or damaging to human tissue, appropriate safeguarding is required by the code. There are OSHA regulations governing the use of silver brazing alloys containing cadmium and other toxic materials. 

The quantification of kinins in human tissues or body fluids has been limited due to the inherent difficulties in accurately measuring the concentration of ephemeral peptides. Today HPLC-based and RIA/capture-ELA measurements are established to determine kinins in human plasma, liquor or mine. Serine protease inhibitors need to be added to prevent rapid degradation of the kinins in vitro during sample preparation. Kinins and their degradation products have been studied in various biological milieus such as plasma/ serum, urine, joint fluids, kidney, lung and skeletal muscle [2]. Under normal conditions, the concentration of kinins in these compartments is extremely low for... 

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. Analytical methods with satisfactory sensitivity and precision are available to determine the levels of americium in human tissues and body fluids. However, improved methods are needed to assess the biological effects of americium in tissues. 

It is not the purpose of this article to review all dehydrogenases that are known at present and not even all of those that have been described in human tissues and body fluids. A few of them have been selected that are of importance for diagnostic, prognostic or, as therapy controlling tools or, that are known as etiologic factors of pathological states. 

While levels of endrin or endrin metabolites can be measured in tissue and excreta, thereby serving as biomarkers of exposure, the analytical techniques required are somewhat sophisticated and non-routine. Further, measurements of endrin in blood are best suited for detecting recent exposures because endrin is cleared rapidly from blood. The lack of persistence of endrin in human tissues and blood seen in the study of Coble et al. (1967) indicates a brief half-life for endrin on the order of 1-2 days. Sera levels of endrin (time to sample not specified) in Pakistani patients who were poisoned with endrin ranged from 0.3 to 254 ppb (0.3-254 pg/L) survivors had sera levels that ranged from 1.3 to 17.4 ppb (1.3-17.4 pg/L) (Rowley et al. 1987). An endrin concentration of 0.3 ppb was detected in the cerebro-spinal fluid. 

Exposure Levels in Humans. The levels of cyanide and thiocyanate in various human tissues and body fluids of both control and occupationally exposed groups and of smokers and nonsmokers are available (see Sections 2.3.4, 2.6.1, and 5.5). The levels of these chemicals in humans consuming foods containing cyanogenic materials also are available. 

Exposure Levels in Humans. This information is necessary for assessing the need to conduct health studies on these populations. Di- -oclylphthalatc has historically been reported to have been found in human adipose tissue (EPA 1986d). However, more recent information indicates that the compound detected was actually the branched di(2-ethylhexyl) isomer (EPA 1989b). Additional information on the concentrations of di-n-octylphthalate in human tissues and fluids, particularly for populations living near hazardous waste sites, is needed to assess potential human exposure to the compound. 

Exposure Levels in Humans. No data on disulfoton levels in various human tissues and body fluids of a control population, populations near hazardous waste sites, or occupationally exposed groups in the United States are available. The levels of disulfoton metabolites (DEP [0.05 ppm], DETP [0.04 ppm], DEPTh [0.008 ppm], dimethyl phosphate [0.04 ppm], dimethyl thiophosphate [0.180 ppm], and dimethyl phosphorothiolate [0.004 ppm]) in the urine of disulfoton formulators have been measured (Brokopp et al. 1981). Data on the levels of disulfoton and its metabolites in body tissues and fluids are needed to estimate the extent of exposure to disulfoton. 

Josefsson M, Kronstrand R, Andersson J, Roman M. 2003. Evaluation of electrospray ionization liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for rational determination of a number of neuroleptics and their major metabolites in human body fluids and tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 789 151. 

Because of its hardness and noncorrosiveness, tantalum is used to make dental and surgical tools and implants and artificial joints, pins, and screws. The metal does not interact with human tissues and fluids. Since tantalum can be drawn into thin wires, it is used in the electronics industry, to make smoke detectors, as a getter in vacuum tubes to absorb residual gases, and as filaments in incandescent lamps. It has many other uses in the electronics industry. 

Cresols are formed from the commonly found amino acid tyrosine, and occur naturally in human and animal tissues, fluids, and urine. Cresols are also formed as minor metabolites of toluene, and an increased presence of cresol in the body could be due to exposure to this substance. Therefore, even the cresols themselves cannot be considered to be biomarkers of cresol exposure unless very high levels are found. There is some evidence that methemoglobinemia, reduced glutathione levels in red blood cells, and Heinz body formation are associated with oral exposure to cresols in humans (Chan et al. 1971 Cote et al. 1984), but these effects are too general and occur at too high doses to be useful as biomarkers of exposure to cresols. 

Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect. A few authors have found elevated levels of thorium in tissues of thorium workers and these studies have been discussed in Sections 2.6 and 5.4.4. However, there are no data in the literature that correlate the concentrations of thorium in any human tissue or body fluid with its level of exposure. If a biomarker for thorium in human tissue or fluid were available, the level of the biomarker in a tissue could be used as an indicator of exposure to thorium. Analytical methods with satisfactory sensitivity are available to determine the levels of thorium in most human tissues and body fluids of exposed and background population, but the recovery of thorium by these methods needs further refinement. 

Multitarget forensic applications of HPLC for other drug classes are also available in the literature. Josefsson et al. [77] applied HPLC-MS-MS to the determination of 19 neuroleptics and their major metabolites in human tissues and body fluids. Optimal separation was achieved using a cyano column within a 9 min gradient run. Detection was curried out in SRM reaching LQDs down to the lower ng/mL level, although more than a 10-fold difference in signal response was observed between analytes. The method was subjected to partial validation only. 

Van Reis et al. [92] reported the scale-up of a HF system for the recovery of human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) produced by recombinant CHO cells from the 2.5-m to the 180-m scale. A robust and reproducible process was achieved by combining hnear scale-up principles, control of fluid dynamic parameters and experimentally defined limits of product retention, which meant maintaining channel length, wall shear rate and flux constant. 

The code also excludes piping systems designed for internal gauge pressures at or above zero but less than 0.105 MPa (15 Ibf/inU provided the fluid handled is nonflammable, nontoxic, and not damaging to human tissues, and its design temperature is from -29 C (-20 F) through 186 C (366 F). Refer to the code for definitions of nonflammable and nontoxic. 

G.V. Iyengar, W.E. Kollmer, H.J.M. Bowen, The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1978. 

The activity of the enzyme in cancer tissue has been measured,11 and changes in its activity in vaginal fluid have been examined as a possible diagnostic aid in cervical cancer.29 Low levels in human tissues have been associated with a storage disorder resembling Hurler s syndrome.18,183... 

Analytical issues (i) X-ray elemental microanalysis (ii) Ion-selective electrodes for chnical use. (iii) Electron probe and electron energy loss analysis. (iv) Intracellular measurements . (v) Determination of Mg in human tissues and fluids . (vi) Trace elements in hair. (vii) Determination of Ca and Mg in wines . 

Human exposure to chemicals and complex mixtures is summarized on the basis of elements such as production, use, occurrence in the environment and determinations in human tissues and body fluids. Quantitative data are given when available. Exposure to biological agents is described in terms of transmission and prevalence of infection. 

LEVELS IN HUMAN TISSUES AND FLUIDS ASSOCIATED WITH HEALTH EFFECTS... 

No studies were located regarding levels of isophorone or its metabolites in human tissues and fluids associated with effects. Furthermore, no studies were located describing methods for detecting isophorone or its metabolites in human tissues and fluids. 

---