Tissue fluid loss

Microdialysis has a number of advantages concentration profiles of drug could be obtained without fluid loss from freely moving individual subjects in specific sub regions of tissues. 

Q4 If protein is lost from the body, for example because of kidney disease, or there is a reduction in the synthesis of plasma protein, for example in starvation, the balance of fluid loss and gain in the capillaries is altered. Reduction in plasma protein reduces the oncotic pressure and reduces the return of fluid from the tissues back to the capillaries. So fluid accumulates in the tissues and forms oedema. 

Oedema develops in tissues such as the lung in kidney disease it is mainly due to the large loss of albumin in the urine. Albumin loss reduces the oncotic pressure of plasma and so disrupts the normal formation of tissue fluid from blood plasma, leading to movement of extra fluid into the alveoli. 

Loss of blood The blood loss should be quantified by repeated determination of the haemoglobin and haema-tocrit values, because - depending on the severity of the bleeding - significant changes in these (and other) values only become evident after 2 to 4 hours due to the gradual flow of tissue fluid into the circulatory system. 

Frequent diarrheal stools, anorexia, increased fluid loss, ulceration, death of crypt cells and Peyers Patch lymphoid tissue... 

Sustaining physiologic homeostasis during surgical procedures that may involve major blood loss, tissue ischemia, reperfusion of ischemic tissue, fluid shifts, exposure to a cold environment, and impaired coagulation. 

Cardiovascular effects. In severe cases, extensive tissue third spacing of fluids combined with fluid loss from gastroenteritis may lead to hypotension, tachycardia, shock, and death. Metabolic acidosis and rhabdomyoly-sis may be present. After a delay of 1-6 days, there may be a second phase of congestive cardiomyopathy, cardiogenic or noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and isolated or recurrent cardiac arrhythmias. Prolongation of the QT interval may be associated with torsade de pointes ventricular arrhythmia. 

A. After an acute overdose, symptoms are typically delayed for 2-12 hours and include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and severe bloody diarrhea. Shook results from depressed cardiac contractility and fluid loss into the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. Delirium, seizures, or coma may occur. Lactic acidosis related to shock and inhibition of cellular metabolism is common. Other manifestations of acute colchicine poisoning include acute myocardial injury, rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and acute renal failure. 

A. Iron has a direct corrosive effect on mucosal tissue and may cause hemorrhagic necrosis and perforation. Fluid loss from the gastrointestinal tract results in severe hypovolemia. 

Fluid Loss—Body fluid loss in second- and third-degree burns can be serious. With second-degree bums, the blisters that form on the skin often fill with fluid that seeps out of damaged tissue under the blister. With third-degree bums, fluids are lost internally and, as a result, can cause the same complications as a hemorrhage. If these fluids are not replaced the bums can be fatal. 

Hypovolemia is a deficiency of body fluid that results when there is a total decrease in the fluid volume in the body or a relative decrease in body fluid owing to fluid loss from the blood vessels into the tissues. Hypovolemia can be classified as fluid volume deficit—the loss of water and sodium from the body—or as dehydration— the loss of water from the body in excess of sodium, resulting in an increased osmolality. While hypovolemia has significance relative to circulatory needs, loss of fluid accompanied by changes in osmolality and sodium concentration in the body has a more profound impact on the body and survival. The detrimental result is that... 

Compensatory mechanisms can last for a time but are costly owing to the increased workload placed on the heart and lungs at a time when limited nutrients are being delivered to tissues. The speed of onset of hypovolemia is important because patients with rapid fluid loss will have limited opportunity for compensatory mechanisms to slow the impact of the fluid deficit. The underlying problem must be corrected to reverse the hypovolemia before compensatory mechanisms fail. 

Relative hypovolemia can occur when a large portion of the body s fluids escape into the tissues, most often owing to low oncotic pressures as a result of decreased protein. The circulating blood volume is decreased, which reduces venous return and results in symptoms similar to those of inadequate intake or fluid loss from the body. Symptoms of hypovolemia can occur when the total volume of fluid in the body is adequate. If an excess amount of fluid volume remains in the tissues, decreased volume in the blood vessels will result. 

The fluid loss results in the shrinkage of fibers during the postmortem period and the release of electrolytes from cells to the extracellular tissue (Valet, SUz, Metzger, and... 

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