Disturbances, electric

A further cause of disturbance in electrical activity is the psychological stress of the infarction, which increases the plasma level of fatty acids, which can lead to increased intracellular levels of fatty acids and fatty acyl CoA. These can damage the plasma membrane and hence disturb electrical activity (Chapter 7). 

The sum of the waves that result in these two experiments must equal the original plane wave incident on the particle, and the two disturbance electric fields due to diffraction are of equal magnitude, but are of opposite sign. Since the intensity is the square modulus of the electric fields, either case will produce the same answer since the sign will not affect the result. It will turn out to be simpler to calculate the scatter light intensity using the second model presented above. 

However, the electric voltage falls when the current flows through a load because the electrochemical equilibrium is disturbed. Electric and chemical potential differences are no longer in balance More zinc ions at the zinc electrode go into the solution and copper ions discharge at the copper electrode. 

The change in alignment layer crystallinity by the annealing process was evaluated by SEM and FTIR spectroscopy, and the bistability was evaluated by the response of the memory state to small disturbing electric fields. Three kinds of layers, S, A and C, were produced. The layer S was produced by the usual process, that is, a methanol/7re-cresol solution of nylon 6,6 was dried at 160 °C for 1.5 h in a... 

The last attribute of tire electromagnetic field we need to discuss is wave polarization. The nature of tire transverse field is such tliat tire oscillating field disturbance (which is perjDendicular to tire propagation direction) has a particular orientation in space. The polarization of light is detennined by tire time evolution of tire direction of tire electric field... 

Essentially all experimentally measured properties can be thought of as arising through the response of the system to some externally applied perturbation or disturbance. In turn, the calculation of such properties can be formulated in terms of the response of the energy E or wavefunction P to a perturbation. For example, molecular dipole moments p are measured, via electric-field deflection, in terms of the change in energy... 

Electroporation. When bacteria are exposed to an electric field a number of physical and biochemical changes occur. The bacterial membrane becomes polarized at low electric field. When the membrane potential reaches a critical value of 200—300 mV, areas of reversible local disorganization and transient breakdown occur resulting in a permeable membrane. This results in both molecular influx and efflux. The nature of the membrane disturbance is not clearly understood but bacteria, yeast, and fungi are capable of DNA uptake (see Yeasts). This method, called electroporation, has been used to transform a variety of bacterial and yeast strains that are recalcitrant to other methods (2). Apparatus for electroporation is commercially available, and constant improvements in the design are being made. 

The electrical-resistance method involves passing an electric current through the structure and exploring the surface with voltage probes. Flaws, cracks, or inclusions will cause a disturbance in the voltage gradient on the surface. Railroads have used this method for many years to locate transverse cracks in rails. 

Other than the system harmonics, electrical interferences are also caused by line disturbances, which may be caused by lightning, switching, sparking or a fault. As discussed in Chapter 17, line disturbances occur at very high frequencies but some may coincide with the audio frequency of telephone lines, and cause disturbance in the audio quality of the telephone system. All these disturbances are referred to as inductive interferences. 

Semiconductor control modules gate the thyristors, which switch cm rent to the motor field at the optimum motor speed and precise phase angle. This assures synchronizing with minimum system disturbance. On pull-out, the discharge resistor is reapplied and excitation is removed k> provide protection to the rotor winding, shaft, and external electrical system. The control resynchronizes the motor after the cause of pull-out i.n removed, if sufficient torque is available. The field is automatically applied if the motor synchronizes on reluctance torque. The control is calibrated at the factory and no field adjustment is required. The opti-... 

Maintenance of electrical potential between the cell membrane exterior and interior is a necessity for the proper functioning of excitable neuronal and muscle cells. Chemical compounds can disturb ion fluxes that are essential for the maintenance of the membrane potentials. Fluxes of ions into the cells or out of the cells can be blocked by ion channel blockers (for example, some marine tox-... 

The reason for this can be seen as follows. In a perfect crystal with the ions held fixed, a positive hole would move about like a free particle with a mass m depending on the nature of the crystal. In an applied electric field, the hole would be uniformly accelerated, and a mobility could not be defined. The existence of a mobility in a real crystal derives from the fact that the uniform acceleration is continually disturbed by deviations from a perfect lattice structure. Among such deviations, the thermal motions of the ions, and in particular, the longitudinal polarisation vibrations, are most important in obstructing the uniform acceleration of the hole. Since the amplitude of the lattice vibrations increases with temperature, we see how the mobility of a... 

Recommended methods for assessing the corrosivity of waters, including flowing potable waters, are described in ASTM 02688 1983. Three procedures are described in which test specimens in the form of wires, sheets or tubes are placed in pipes, tanks or other equipment. The test assembly for the first of these consists of three helical wire coils mounted in series on, and electrically insulated from, a supporting frame. The assembly must be installed so that flow is not disturbed and turbulence and high velocities, e.g. of more than 1 -53 ms , are avoided. A minimum test period of 30 days is recommended. Procedures for the other specimen forms are given in the standard. 

Fig. 9-5. The General Electric XRD-5 D/S spectrogoniometer arranged for x-ray emission work. Since the axis of rotation is- vertical, heavy auxiliary equipment may be attached without disturbing the apparatus. (Courtesy of X-ray Dephrtment, General Electric Company, Milwaukee, Wise.)...

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