The States of Matter Solid, Liquid, and Gas

I The state of matter changes from solid to I liquid to gas with increasing temperature. 

Glass and other amorphous solids can he thought of, from one point of view, as intermediate between solids and liquids. Their atoms are fixed In position at room temperature, hut they have no long-range structure and do not have distinct melting points. 

Diamond is a crystalline solid composed of carbon atoms arranged in a regular, repeating pattern. 

Gases Gases can be compressed— squeezed into a smaller volume— because there is so much empty space between atoms or molecules in the gaseous state. 

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The Greek philosopher who started this transformation was Thales of Miletus. Information about him is limited, and what we know comes to us from later writers, since no texts by him have survived. He was probably born about 623 b.c.e., in Ionia, which is in modem Turkey. Thales was believed to have traveled widely and likely visited Egypt and studied in Greece. He conceived of the world as a sphere floating in an eternal sea and argued that water was the most fundamental element. It came in three forms water, earth, and mist. This was an important philosophical insight, since it demonstrated an understanding of the states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas, in modem terms) in addition to different types of matter. 

Under ordinary conditions, matter exists in three different physical forms called the states of matter—solid, liquid, and gas. Solid matter has a definite shape and a definite volume. A solid is rigid and incompressible, so it keeps a certain shape and cannot be squeezed into a smaller volume. A solid has these properties because the particles that make up the solid are packed closely together and are held in a specific arrangement. 

Liquid water is difficult to find in the universe. Scientists have found frozen ice in places such as Mars and gaseous water vapor in atmospheres such as that on Venus. However, no one has been able to find liquid water anywhere other than on Earth. Water is the only natural substance that is found in all three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) at the temperatures normally found on Earth. By exploring a few of the properties of water, you will discover what makes water unique. 

Note that the diagram has three general areas corresponding to the three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. The line from A to C represents the change in vapor pressure of the solid with temperature for the sublimation (going directly from a solid to a gas without first becoming a liquid) equilibrium. The A to... 

Learning the characteristics of the three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas... 

The previous chapter dealt with chemical bonding and the forces present between the atoms in molecules. Forces between atoms within a molecule are termed intramolecular forces and are responsible for chemical bonding. The interaction of valence electrons between atoms creates intramolecular forces, and this interaction dictates the chemical behavior of substances. Forces also exist between the molecules themselves, and these are collectively referred to as intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are mainly responsible for the physical characteristics of substances. One of the most obvious physical characteristics related to intermolecular force is the phase or physical state of matter. Solid, liquid, and gas are the three common states of matter. In addition to these three, two other states of matter exist—plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. 

These ideas are evident in an essay of Lavoisier s from 1773, in which he identifies the three different physical states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. Here he makes the crucial distinction between the physical and chemical nature of substances, which confused the ancients and led to their minimal elemental schemes. The same bod/, says Lavoisier, can pass successively through each of these states, and in order to make this phenomenon occur it is necessary only to combine it with a greater or lesser quantity of the matter of fire. ... 

Chemists recognize three main states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. The molecules inside each state of matter move and behave in specific ways, depending on the forces involved. These behaviors determine the two main characteristics that determine an objects state of matter shape and volume. 

Of the three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas), only gases have radically changing distances between molecules. When the distances between the molecules of a gas are different than what is found at STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure), we have either a positive or negative pressure (compared to atmospheric). 

There are three natural states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. Most collections are limited to solids, although the occasional liquid or gas may be included. There may still be bourbon in that Elvis-shaped decanter, mercury in that antique thermometer, or neon in that advertising sign. 

Every elementary school pupil is taught that there are three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. To these might be added plasma, which exists at extremely high temperatures, or the Bose-Einstein condensate, at extremely low ones. However, one needn t resort to superfrigid or superhot extremes to find states of matter that challenge the ordinary division into solids, liquids, and gases. Such everyday substances as mayonnaise or window glass will do the trick. 

In flotation, all three states of matter—solid, liquid, and gas—are involved and each of these involves surface chemistry. The various process steps that are involved include ... 

Water is the only substance on Earth that exists in all three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. Because hydrogen bonds are relatively strong, a lot of energy is needed to separate water molecules from one another. That is why water can absorb more heat than any other material before... 

We have already seen that around 70% of the human body is water and this should be no surprise since, following development of the primeval cells in the oceans, evolution has continued within an aqueous environment and exploited the unique properties of water to the best advantage to living systems. Water is the only naturally occurring inorganic liquid and is the only compound which occurs in nature in all three physical states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. The omnipotence of the roles of water in the human body may be seen by reference to Table 1.1. Water is used to provide bulk to the body and use is also made of its unusual chemical properties. 

Think for a moment. What is the only common molecule that exists in all three physical states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) under natural conditions on earth This molecule is absolutely essential for life in fact, life probably arose in this substance. It is the most abundant molecule in the cells of living organisms (70-95%) and covers 75% of the earth s surface. Without it, cells quickly die, and without it the earth would not be a fit environment in which to live. By now you have guessed that we are talking about the water molecule. It is so abundant on earth that we take this deceptively simple molecule for granted. 

Like water, all substances exist in the three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. A solid is rigid. It has a fixed shape and volume. A liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container (see Figure 2.7). 

The substances we have just described illustrate the three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. These are defined and illustrated in Table 3.1. The state of a given sample of matter depends on the strength of the forces among the particles contained in the matter the stronger these forces, the more rigid the matter. We will discuss this in more detail in the next section. 

We begin by examining different types of solutions that can be formed from the three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. We also characterize a solution by the amount of solute present as unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated. (12.1)... 

The three states of matter—solid, liquid, and gas—give us nine different types of solutions solid dissolved in solid, solid dissolved in liquid, solid dissolved in gas, liquid dissolved in liquid, and so on. Of these, the most common solutions are solid dissolved in liquid, liquid dissolved in liquid, gas dissolved in liquid, and gas dissolved in gas. Some common types of solutions are listed in Table 14.1. 

A solution is a homogeneous mixture. For example, air is a gaseous solution of several gases, seawater is a liquid solution of sodium chloride and other materials. The component of a solution that is present in the greatest amount, and therefore determines the state of matter (solid, liquid or gas) of the solution, is called the solvent the other components are called solutes. A solution in which water is the solvent (e.g., seawater) is called an aqueous solution. An ideal solution is one for which both solvent and solutes obey RaoulLs law (see Section 4.4) at all concentrations. 

Further discussion of the uses of specific gases is given in the remainder of this chapter and in the gas monographs in Part II. The physical world inhabited by mankind largely consists of three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas. Suffice it to say that the history of gas use is the history of how humans have used compressed gases for the improvement of life. 

Classical physics defines three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. It provides adequate models of gaseous and solid states. The liquid state is somewhat more difficult to characterize, due to several critical obstacles. In addition, little attention has previously been paid to boundary states (coexistence of any two or even all three states at certain thermodynamic conditions). Different sciencific disciplines created separate terminologies such as metamaterials, which properties derive from artificially created periodic microstructure. Concepts such as multiphase heterogeneous or particularly ordered media or complex materials have appeared. Finally the Nobel winner in physics J.-P. de Germes (de Gennes, 1992) united all terminologies under a common term soft materials ... 

The interface is a region of finite thickness (usually less than 0.1 xm) in which the composition and energy vary continuously from one bulk phase to the other. The types of interfaces can be summarised in a format way in terms of the three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas gas>liquid, gas-solid, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and solid-solid. Thermodynamically, the interfacial tension y is defined as the Gibbs free energy G of the system, which is required to create a unit interfacial area A at constant temperature T, pressure p, and total number of moles n in the system ... 

Everyone is familiar with three of the common states of matter solid, liquid and gas. Some substances exhibit all these states as the temperature is varied. For example, water is solid below 0°C, liquid between 0°C and 100°C, and a gas above 100°C. However, this simplified classification is known to be not generally accurate for many materials. Liquid crystals are states of matter which are sometimes observed to occur between the sofid crystal state and the isotropic liquid state. A substance is... 

What s the difference between a phase and a state of matter These terms tend to be used synonymously, but there is a small distinction between them. As we have already noted, there are just three states of matter solid, liquid, and gas. A phase is any sample of matter with definite composition and uniform properties that is distinguishable from other phases with which it is in contact. Thus, we can describe liquid water in equilibrium with its vapor as a two-phase mixture. The liquid is one phase and the gas, or vapor, is the other. In this case, the phases (liquid and gas) are the same as the states of matter present (liquid and gas). 

Chemistry is concerned with the properties of matter, its distinguishing characteristics. A physical property of a substance is a characteristic that we can observe or measure without changing the identity of the substance. For example, a physical property of a sample of water is its mass another is its temperature. Physical properties include characteristics such as melting point (the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid), hardness, color, state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas), and density. A chemical property refers to the ability of a substance to change into another substance. For example, a chemical property of the gas hydrogen is that it reacts with (burns in) oxygen to produce water a chemical property of the metal zinc is that it reacts with acids to produce hydrogen gas. The rest of the book is concerned primarily with chemical properties here we shall review some important physical properties. 

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