Long range structure,

Transduction of the energy from ATP to movement of the cations may involve long-range structural transitions in the protein since ATP binding and phosphorylation takes place in the large cytoplasmic protrusion of the a subunit, while cation sites may be located in intramembrane domains. It is therefore important to establish relationships between the structural changes in the a subunit and ion binding or occlusion to see if the different exposure of bonds to proteolysis reflect the orientation and specificity of the cation sites. 

D. The Same Long-Range Structure in States Denatured by Urea, Acid,... 

IV. Physical-Chemical Explanations of Long-Range Structure. 14... 

A. The Paradox of Long-Range Structure in the Context of Little... 

A. Implications of Locally Encoded Long-Range Structure. 19... 

However, recent application of two types of NMR methodologies that provide long-range structural information have painted a very different picture. From these experiments, the denatured state in 0 M urea and 8 M urea appear to be highly similar, both retaining the same overall spatial positioning and orientation of the chain seen in the folded conformation. 

To reduce the possibility that confinement in gel cavities is somehow responsible for the resistance of long-range structure to urea, the same experiments were carried out on A131A in alkyl-PEG bicelles (Ackerman and Shortle, 2002). The same results were obtained, with almost the same correlation coefficients as those seen in strained polyacrylamide gels. 

Textbook discussions of the steric effects of side chains on backbone conformation convey the impression that, except for glycine and proline, all side chains restrict the allowed range of phi and psi to approximately the same extent. If this were true, encoding of long-range structure by local steric repulsion would seem unlikely. 

In view of the large variations in phi/psi preferences for the different amino acids observed in folded protein (see Fig. 5), it follows that the task of encoding the general features of long-range structure does not... 

Long-Range Structural Effects in the Anomalous Voltammetry of Platinum(lll)... 

Minerals are generally regarded as crystalline phases formed as a result of geological processes. As a (bulk) crystalline phase in the classical sense, a mineral must satisfy the conditions of long-range structural order in three dimensions, and homogeneity with respect to its macroscopic physical and chemical properties. 

For more sophisticated spectroelectrochemical analysis, electrochemical cycling is coupled with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) methods, which probe electronic and local atomic structures with element specificity.266-234 Because XAS techniques are compatible with in situ investigations and do not require long-range structural order for analysis, they are... 

While XAS techniques focus on direct characterizations of the host electrode structure, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to probe local chemical environments via the interactions of insertion cations that are NMR-active nuclei, for example lithium-6 or -7, within the insertion electrode. As with XAS, NMR techniques are element specific (and nuclear specific) and do not require any long-range structural order in the host material for analysis. Solid-state NMR methods are now routinely employed to characterize the various chemical components of Li ion batteries metal oxide cathodes, Li ion-conducting electrolytes, and carbonaceous anodes.Coupled to controlled electrochemical in-sertion/deinsertion of the NMR-active cations, the... 

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