Matter gases

We are all familiar with tire tliree states of matter gases, liquids and solids. In tire 19tli century the liquid crystal state was discovered [1 and 2] tliis can be considered as tire fourtli state of matter [3].The essential features and properties of liquid crystal phases and tlieir relation to molecular stmcture are discussed here. Liquid crystals are encountered in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) in digital watches and otlier electronic equipment. Such applications are also considered later in tliis section. Surfactants and lipids fonn various types of liquid crystal phase but this is discussed in section C2.3. This section focuses on low-molecular-weight liquid crystals, polymer liquid crystals being discussed in tire previous section. 

Airborne material affecting the quality of indoor air may be classified as gases or particulate matter. Gases which may be potential problems are radon, CO, NOj, and hydrocarbons. Particulate matter may come from tobacco smoke, mold spores, animal dander, plant spores, and others as shown in Table 23-1. Other factors interact to influence our perception of indoor air quality, including humidity, temperature, lighting, and sound level. 

The next concept which we wish to examine is that of the differences between the three states of matter, gases, liquids and solids. In this case, we will find very significant differences in their energy content, namely that the gaseous form is the most energetic while the solid has the least energy. 

Summary Of the three states of matter—gases, liquids, and solids—gases are probably the best understood and have the best descriptive model. 

Problem Solving and Measurement Atomic Structure Nuclear Chemistry Chemical Bonding Molecular Geometry States of Matter—Gases... 

Materials are traditionally classified in three states of matter gases, liquids and solids distinguished by their properties. However, the solid phase of a material can exhibit different structures, which in turn can show different properties. In addition to different crystal structures, called polymorphs, which are characterized by long-range order, a material may appear as an amorphous solid, characterized by the lack of long-range order. The polymorphism of calcium carbonate (calcite, vaterite and aragonite) was identified more than 200 years ago by Klaproth in 1788... 

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