Gases and Solids

In the sections that follow, these three steps are considered for the sampling of liquids (including solutions), gases, and solids. 

Total pressure drop for vertical upflow of gases and solids includes acceleration and fric tional affec ts also found in horizontal flow, plus potential energy or hydrostatic effects. Govier and Aziz review many of the pressure drop calculation methods and provide recommendations for their use. See also Yang AIChE J., 24, 548-552 [1978]). 

Adiabatic. Control gas flow and/or solids feed rate so that the heat of reaction is removed as sensible heat in off gases and solids or heat supphed by gases or solids. 

Applications Deep-well injection has been used principally for liquid wastes that are difficult to treat and dispose of by more conventional methods and for hazardous wastes. Chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical wastes are those most commonly disposed of with this method. The waste may be liquid, gases, or solids. The gases and solids are either dissolved in the liquid or are carried along with the liquid. 

Hydraulic fluid contamination may be described as any foreign material or substance whose presence in the fluid is capable of adversely affecting system performance or reliability. It may assume many different forms, including liquids, gases, and solid matter of various composition, sizes, and shapes. Solid matter is the type most often found in hydraulic systems and is generally referred to as particulate contamination. Contamination is always present to some degree, even in new, unused fluid, but must be kept below a level that will adversely affect system operation. Hydraulic contamination control consists of requirements, techniques, and practices necessary to minimize and control fluid contamination. 

Electrochemical phenomena and processes are nsefnl for the qnantitative and qualitative chemical analysis of varions snbstances and media, inclnding liquids, gases, and solids. The high accnracy of the electrochemical methods of analysis derives from the fact that they are based on highly exact laws (e.g., those of Faraday). 

The second characteristic pertains to the fact that a very small amount of a catalyst may be able to maintain a high reaction rate over a long time. Although in practice some of the catalysts are extremely efficient for certain specific reactions, it is observed that in the majority of the cases of homogeneous catalysis, the enhancement in the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the catalyst used. In heterogeneous catalytic reactions involving reactant gases and solid surfaces, the total surface area of the solid may also affect the reaction rate. 

WlSNIAK, J. and Herskowitz, M. (1984) Solubility of Gases and Solids, 2 vols. (Elsevier). 

Incineration produces gases and solids, in the form of ash and slag. Combustion gases are composed primarily of carbon dioxide and water, as well as small quantities of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and small concentrations of organic and inorganic compounds. 

Although reactions in gases and solids are by no means rare, it is the enormous number of reactions carried out in solutions that is the subject of this chapter. However, there is no question but that the vast majority of reactions are carried out in solutions where water is the solvent. It is important to note that most nonaqueous solvents present some difficulties when their use is compared to that of water as a solvent. Some of the more important nonaqueous solvents are NH3, HF, S02, SOCl2,... 

Plasma gasification is a generic-type process that can accommodate virtually any input waste material in as-received condition, including liquids, gases, and solids in any form or combination. Also, moisture content is not a problem. Liquids, gases, and small particle-size waste materials are very easily and efficiently processed. Bulky items, such as household appliances, tires, and bedsprings, can also be readily accommodated without loss of destruction efficiency. The reactor vessel and waste feed mechanism are designed for the physical characteristics of the input waste stream. Even waste materials such as low-level radioactive waste can be processed to reduce the bulk and encapsulate the radioactive constituents to reduce leachability. 

The purpose of this chapter is to outline the simplest methods of arriving at a description of the distribution of species in mixtures of liquids, gases and solids. Homogeneous equilibrium deals with single phase systems, such as electrolyte solutions (e.g., seawater) or gas mixtures (e.g., a volcanic gas). Heterogeneous equilibrium involves coexisting gaseous, liquid and solid phases. 

This type of system may be used for the extinguishment of surface fires in flammable liquids, gases, and solids where the hazard is not enclosed. Examples of hazards that may be successfully protected by local application systems include dip tanks, quench tanks, and spray booths. Since local application systems do not utilize enclosures to maintain design concentrations, two methods for determining the quantity of carbon dioxide required for extinguishment are used. These are ... 

Incineration. A "pesticide Incinerator" Is defined as "any Installation capable of the controlled combustion of pesticides, at a temperature of 1000 C (1832 F) for two seconds dwell time In the combustion zone, or lower temperatures and related dwell times that will assure complete conversion of the specific pesticide to Inorganic gases and solid ash residues" ( 2). In addition, an Incinerator must meet the performance standards promulgated under RCRA (40 CFR 264 Subpart 0) If pesticides regulated under RCRA are to be burned. This means that an Incinerator must be capable of destroying or removing 99.99% of the pesticide put Into It. Test burns that are fully monitored are normally required to determine whether this performance standard Is achieved. 

Pressure is the amount of force exerted on one unit of area. The example of an ocean diver should make the concept clearer The greater the depth the diver reaches, the greater the pressure due to the weight of the overlying water. Pressure is not unique to liquids but can be transmitted by gases and solids, too. At the surface of the Earth, the weight of the overlying air... 

In this chapter we have developed rate expressions r = itgffC/ig for reactions in which gases react with sohds to form other gases and solids. We have written this as a fiactional conversion Xs and the time r to react the sohd completely, Xg = 1. 

Extraction of various gases and solid waste products resulting from exploitation of geothermal resources has been considered and implemented on a small scale. Thus, B was extracted as a... 

Besides liquid samples, gases and solids can be analysed after making the appropriate modifications to the sample introduction system. The application of plasma sources as detectors for gas chromatography of metal complexes have teen reviewed by Uden Literature dealing with the analysis of gas and liquid chromatographic effluents have been surveyed by Carnahan et al. 

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