States of Matter—Gases

The Transition from the First to the Second State of Matter (Gas-Liquid). 578... 

The presence of dew and frost shows that water vapor in the atmosphere can change overnight into liquid water and then into solid water, better known as ice. Because dew and frost disappear with the increasing warmth of the day, it is clear that the changes in the states of matter—gas, liquid, or solid—are also reversible. 

You know matter exists as gases, liquids, and solids because you can smell the perfume of flowers, pour fruit punch into a glass, and stack blocks of firewood. You know that air, water, and rocks all feel different, but can you describe their macroscopic properties The properties that characterize these three states of matter—gas, liquid, and solid—reveal the organization of their submicroscopic particles. 

Ans. Since there are three states of matter—gas, liquid and solid—nine kinds of solutions are theoretically possible. However, neither liquids nor solids can be dissolved in gases. We can illustrate that with a matrix in which solvent is represented by vertical columns and solute by horizontal rows. The most commonly encountered solutions are found in the central column of Fig. 7-1—gases, liquids, and solids dissolved in liquids. 

A gas plasma is sometimes called the fourth state of matter. Gas plasma consists of gas ions surrounded by a cloud of highly energized electrons, and is produced when a gas under a partial vacuum is subjected to an electrostatic or electromagnetic field. Gas plasmas have many uses, including imparting particular properties to surfaces (Winter, 2006). 

Classically, there are three distinct states of matter gas, liquid, and solid. (The newer two, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensates, are not applicable to our discussion so we omit them.) In the previous section we noted how as temperature increases it is thermodynamically favorable for transitions to occur from a more ordered form to a less ordered one. The atoms or molecules that make up a gas are randomly arranged (E and S are high) and widely separated. A gas will fill all the available space inside a container. The atoms or molecules that make up a liquid are also randomly arranged, but they are closer together than those in a gas and they move relative to one another. The characteristic of a liquid is that it will fill a container... 

MS, however, offers a series of obvious advantages over NMR spectroscopy. They include superior resolution (if high-resolution MS detectors are employed), superior sensitivity, more facile and economical coupling to online separation techniques (LC and GC), analysis of samples in aU three states of matter (gas, liquid, and solid), no molecular weight restrictions, and finally the ability to trap selected ions in the gas phase prior to characterization, thereby allowing a second dimension of separation. For complex samples containing natural products as minor constituents, especially, structure elucidation by MS constitutes the only practical access to natural product structures. 

There are three states of matter—gas, liquid, and solid. Name a material that is a pure substance for each state of matter. Do not use water, oxygen, or salt. Name a material that is a mixture for each state of matter. Do not use air, gasoline, or brass. 

An Overview of the Physical States of Matter Gas Pressure and Its Measurement... 

The forces active in physical adsorption are electrostatic in nature. These forces are present in all states of matter gas, liquid, and solid. They are the same forces of attraction that cause gases to condense and real gases to deviate from ideal behavior. Physical adsorption is sometimes referred to as van der Waals adsorption. The electrostatic effect that produces the van der Waals forces depends on the polarity of both the gas (or liquid) and solid molecules. 

The plasma state is often referred to as tire fourtli state of matter [1]. It is characterized by tire presence of free positive (and sometimes also negative) ions and negatively charged electrons in a neutral background gas. The... 

Work on plasmas has roots extending back to the Greeks who found that amber mbbed with various materials tended to attract certain objects. The concept of plasma as the fourth state of matter can be traced to Sir William Crookes (2) in 1879. "So distinct are these phenomena from anything which occurs in air or gas at the ordinary tension, that we are led to assume that we are here brought face to face with Matter in a Fourth state or condition, a condition so far removed from the State of gas as a gas is from a Hquid." This description has been shown to be accurate over many years of experimentation and appHcation of plasmas. 

A gas is defined as the state of matter distinguished from solid and liq uid states by very low density and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, and the ability to diffuse readily, distributing itself uniformly throughout any container... 

Gas A state of matter in which a substance completely fills the region in which it is contained, no matter how small the amount. Or any fuel in a gaseous form for use in an atmospheric or forced-draft burner. 

Gas The state of matter characterized by complete molecular mobility and unlimited expansion at standard temperature and pressure. 

The term "pliase" for a pure substance indicates a state of matter - that is, solid, liquid, or gas. For mi. tures, however, a more stringent connotation must be used, since a totally liquid or solid system may contain more dian one phase. A phase is characterized by uniformity or homogeneity die same composition and properties must c. ist tliroughout the pliase region. At most temperatures and pressures, a pure substance normally exists as a single phase. At certain temperatures mid pressures, two or perhaps even dmee phases can coe.xist in equilibrium. 

The material that makes up the universe is known as matter. Matter is defined as any substance that occupies space and has weight. Matter exists in three states solid, liquid, and gas. Each has distinguishing characteristics. Solids have a defined volume and a definite shape. Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of their containing vessels. Gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. Gases not only take the shape of the containing vessel, but also expand to fill the vessel, regardless of its volume. Examples of the states of matter are iron, water, and air. 

Substances, and matter in general, come in different forms, called states of matter. The three most common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas ... 

FIGURE A.l A molecular representation of the three states of matter. In each case, the spheres represent particles that may be atoms, molecules, or ions, (a) In a solid, the particles are packed tightly together, but continue to oscillate, (b) In a liquid, the particles are in contact, but have enough energy to move past one another, (c) In a gas, the particles are far apart, move almost completely freely, and are in ceaseless random motion. 

Chemistry is concerned with the properties of matter, its distinguishing characteristics. A physical property of a substance is a characteristic that we can observe or measure without changing the identity of the substance. For example, a physical property of a sample of water is its mass another is its temperature. Physical properties include characteristics such as melting point (the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid), hardness, color, state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas), and density. A chemical property refers to the ability of a substance to change into another substance. For example, a chemical property of the gas hydrogen is that it reacts with (burns in) oxygen to produce water a chemical property of the metal zinc is that it reacts with acids to produce hydrogen gas. The rest of the book is concerned primarily with chemical properties here we shall review some important physical properties. 

The simplest state of matter is a gas. We can understand many of the bulk properties of a gas—its pressure, for instance—in terms of the kinetic model introduced in Chapter 4, in which the molecules do not interact with one another except during collisions. We have also seen that this model can be improved and used to explain the properties of real gases, by taking into account the fact that molecules do in fact attract and repel one another. But what is the origin of these attractive and... 

Liquid water is difficult to find in the universe. Scientists have found frozen ice in places such as Mars and gaseous water vapor in atmospheres such as that on Venus. However, no one has been able to find liquid water anywhere other than on Earth. Water is the only natural substance that is found in all three states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas) at the temperatures normally found on Earth. By exploring a few of the properties of water, you will discover what makes water unique. 

The number 4 recurs remarkably often carbon, the central element of life, is tetravalent. Life has four criteria. The genetic code is written with four "letters", which in turn are made up of four elements. (The elements themselves occur in four states of matter solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.) It could, of course, just be a coincidental frequency, as the number 5 is also conspicuously often encountered... 

Ans. Gas is a state of matter. Gasoline is a liquid, used mainly for fuel, with a nickname gas. Do not confuse the two. This chapter is about the gas phase, not about liquid gasoline. 

After all, even in the first case we deal with the interaction of an electron belonging to the gas particle with all the electrons of the crystal. However, this formulation of the problem already represents a second step in the successive approximations of the surface interaction. It seems that this more or less exact formulation will have to be considered until the theoretical methods are available to describe the behavior both of the polyatomic molecules and the metal crystal separately, starting from the first principles. In other words, a crude model of the metal, as described earlier, constructed without taking into account the chemical reactivity of the surface, would be in this general approach (in the contemporary state of matter) combined with a relatively precise model of the polyatomic molecule (the adequacy of which has been proved in the reactivity calculations of the homogeneous reactions). 

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