Gas-liquid-solid

The solid gas liquid (ie., S G L) path denotes a general route of converting biomass solid into gas-phase molecules first, and then the gas molecules are combined to form liquid fuels. The approaches following the S - G L path include gasification, aqueous phase reforming, and photocatalytic conversion. 

Fraction Boiling range (°C) Number of carbon atoms 

The gasification process is usually performed using four main units (1) a biomass gasifier, (2) a gas elean-up unit, (3) a water-gas shift (WGS) reactor in certain cases, and finally (4) a syngas eonverter. The gasification unit converts the biomass at high temperature (600-900 °C) in the presenee of oxygen or steam. 

To control the H2/CO ratio, several reaetions are employed. Most important is the water gas shift reaction, which provides a souree of hydrogen at the expense of carbon monoxide  

For Fischer-Tropsch plants that use methane as the feedstock, another important reaction is steam reforming, which converts methane into CO and H2  

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Because of the generality of the symmetry principle that underlies the nonlinear optical spectroscopy of surfaces and interfaces, the approach has found application to a remarkably wide range of material systems. These include not only the conventional case of solid surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum, but also gas/solid, liquid/solid, gas/liquid and liquid/liquid interfaces. The infonnation attainable from the measurements ranges from adsorbate coverage and orientation to interface vibrational and electronic spectroscopy to surface dynamics on the femtosecond time scale. 

Emulsions Liquid-liquid Liquid-liquid-solid Gas-liquid-liquid Gas-liquid-liquid-solid Extraction... 

Activated carbon in particular is very versatile as a filter media because it not only can physically separate out suspended solids, but it can adsorb materials. The adsorption process occurs at solid-solid, gas-solid, gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, or... 

Gas Gas-vapour Gas-liquid Gas-solid Gas-liquid-solid Mist Fume SO2 NOxI HCI CO hydrocarbons Acid mist carryover chromic acid oil mists tar fog Metal oxides, cement dust Paint spray... 

Analytical instrumental methods are commonly referred to by abbreviations using the first letters of the method s name (see Table 15.1). Thus, GC always refers to gas chromatography and MS to mass spectrometry. When these abbreviations are used, there is commonly no indication as to the type of GC (i.e., capillary, packed column, gas-solid, gas-liquid) being used. Likewise, no indication of the MS ionization method being used (i.e., El or Cl) is given. 

Regarding this new edition first of all I should say that in spirit it follows the earlier ones, and I try to keep things simple. In fact, I have removed material from here and there that I felt more properly belonged in advanced books. But I have added a number of new topics—biochemical systems, reactors with fluidized solids, gas/liquid reactors, and more on nonideal flow. The reason for this is my feeling that students should at least be introduced to these subjects so that they will have an idea of how to approach problems in these important areas. 

Gas Liquid Solid Gas Liquid Solid Gas Liquid Solid... 

SURFACE. In physical chemistry the area of contact between two different phases or states of matter, e.g., finely divided solid particles and air or other gas (solid-gas) liquids and air (liquid-gas) insoluble particles and liquid (solid-liquid). Surfaces are the sites of tire physiochemical activity between the phases that is responsible for such phenomena as adsorption, reactivity, and catalysis, The depth of a surface is of molecular order of magnitude, The term interface is approximately synonymous with surface, but it also includes dispersions involving only one phase of matter, i.e., solid-solid or liquid-liquid,... 

The design of heterogeneous chemical reactors falls into a special category because an additional complexity enters into the problem. We must now concern ourselves with the transfer of matter between phases, as well as considering the fluid dynamics and chemistry of the system. Thus, in addition to an equation describing the rate at which the chemical reaction proceeds, one must also provide a relationship or algorithm to account for the various physical processes which occur. For this purpose it is convenient to classify the reactions as gas-solid, gas-liquid and gas-liquid-solid processes. The present chapter will be concerned with gas-solid reactions, especially those for which the solid is a catalyst for the reaction. 

Formation of hydrate nuclei (from aqueous liquid) occurs as heterogeneous nudeation, usually at an interface (either fluid + solid, gas + liquid, or liquid + liquid). When both a nonaqueous liquid and vapor are present with water, hydrates form at the liquid-liquid interface. 

It is generally considered that there exist three resistances in series in transfer processes of gas-solid, gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, and liquid-solid systems gas or liquid side resistance, the so-called external resistance, interface resistance, and internal resistance of particle/droplet. The interface resistance possibly results from the accumulation of impurities on the interface. Reduction of any one of these three types of resistance can enhance transfer processes. 

Pumping Fluid motion Liquid-solid-gas Liquid-liquid-solid Liquid-liquid-gas Liquid-liquid-gas-solid Heat transfers... 

Chromatography can be defined as the separation of mixtures by distribution between two or more immiscible phases. Some of these immiscible phases can be gas-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, gas-liquid-solid and liquid-liquid-solid. Strictly speaking, a simple liquid-liquid extraction is in fact a chromatographic process. Similarly, distillation is a chromatographic process that involves separation of liquids by condensation of their respective vapours at different points in a column. 

Four very prominent combinations in chromatography are gas solid, gas liquid, liquid solid, and liquid liquid chromatography. Would you expect (a) solid solid chromatography and (b) gas gas chromatography to work also Explain. 

Adsorption is the process in which materials of one phase accumulate or concentrate at the interfacial surface of the other phase. It occurs at the interfaces of two phases such as liquid/liquid, gas/solid, gas/liquid, or liquid/solid. We will focus on adsorption in the liquid/solid interface. The materials being adsorbed and the adsorbing materials are called adsorbates and adsorbents, respectively. 

Phase A graph showing the relationship between phases (i.e., solid/gas/liquid) over... 

In further discussions we will frequently use another morphological parameter, the volume fraction. It will be recalled that, in the general case, a plastic foam is not a two-phase but a three-phase system solid - gas - liquid . 

Organize the following terms into a logical concept map state, physical properties, virtually incompressible, solid, gas, liquid, tightly packed particles, compressible, incompressible, particles far apart, loosely packed particles. 

Impinging streams [73] is a unique and multipurpose configuration of a two-phase suspension for intensifying heat and mass transfer processes in the following heterogeneous systems gas-solid, gas-liquid, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid. 

Phases gas-solid, gas-solid reactant, gas-liquid, liquid-solid, gas-liquid-solid. Gas plus catalytic solid gas residence time in milliseconds. Reaction rates very fast and very rapid deactivation of catalyst. Solid particle diameter 0.007 to 1.5 mm. Gas plus solid reactant solid residence time, 0.8 to 300 s gas residence time, <1 s solid particle diameter 0.007 to 1.5 nun. Gas-liquid see size reduction. Section 16.11.8.1. Gas liquid plus solid catalyst for fast hydrogenation reactions. Compared with trickle bed, Section 16.11.6.15, or PFTR fixed bed withupflow, Section 16.11.6.5. 

Phases gas-liquid catalytic solid. Gas-liquid catalytic solid use for very fast reactions all reaction is in the liquid film and is mass transfer-controlled. 

Phases gas-liquid, gas-liquid catalytic solid, gas-liquid plus catalytic solid minimizes catalyst poisoning, lower pressure than fixed bed. Used for hydrogenation reactions and MTBE and acrylamide production. For example, 90% conversion via reactive distillation contrasted with 70% conversion in fixed-bed option. Liquid with homogeneous catalyst etherification, esterification. Liquid-liquid HIGEE for fast, very fast, and highly exothermic liquid-liquid reactions such as nitrations, sulfonations, and polymerizations. Equilibrium conversion <90%. Use a separate prereactor when the reaction rate at 80% conversion is >0.5 initial rate. The products should boil in a convenient temperature range. The pressure and temperature for distillation and reaction should be compatible. 

The major situations are gas-solid, gas-liquid, liquid, and solids. Solids blending can include dry solids blenders extruders for foodstuffs and polymers and pug mills for clays, thick pastes, and fertilizers. 

In real situations, absorption of radiation by the analyte (or related chemical species) is not the only process that attenuates the incident beam because radiation losses by reflection and refraction at the gas / solid, gas / liquid, solid/liquid and liquid/liquid interfaces, absorption by the cuvette walls and by the sample matrix and scattering inside the sample (Fig. 4.1) can also occur. The contribution of these secondary processes should be kept as small as possible because they may impact on the... 

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