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The Interface

Ions produced in the plasma must be transferred to a mass analyzer. The flame is very hot and at atmospheric pressure, but the mass analyzer is at room temperature and under vacuum. To effect transfer of ions from the plasma to the analyzer, the interface must be as efficient as possible if ion yields from the plasma are to be maintained in the analyzer. [Pg.95]

For a plasma temperature of 8000 K and N(,= lO Vml, A, is about 0.0006 mm, which is very much smaller than the 1-mm sampler orifice, so ions can pass through easily. Hot gases from the plasma impinge on the edges of the sampler orifice so deposits build up and then reduce its diameter with time. The surrounds of the sampler orifice suffer also from corrosive effects due to bombardment by hot species from the plasma flame. These problems necessitate replacement of the sampler from time to time. [Pg.95]

A plasma of electrons, ions, and neutrals produced in gas flowing through concentric tubes is maintained and heated to 5000 to 8000 K by inductive coupling to a high (radio) frequency [Pg.95]


Although the composite curves can be used to set energy targets, they are not a suitable tool for the selection of utilities. The grand composite curve is a more appropriate tool for understanding the interface between the process and the utility system. It is also, as is shown in later chapters, a useful tool for study of the interaction between heat-integrated reactors and separators and the rest of the process. [Pg.185]

A first approach to testing, ASTM D 1094, is to create, using a potassium phosphate reagent, a separation between two layers, hydrocarbon and aqueous. The degree of separation of the two phases is estimated by attributing a grade from 1 to 3 and the appearance of the interface by five levels of observation 1, lb, 2, 3, and 4. The specifications establish both the quality of separation (2 is the maximum) and the appearance of the interface (lb maximum). [Pg.250]

During storage, sediments decant with the water phase and deposit along with paraffins and asphalts in the bottoms of storage tanks as thick sludges or slurries (BS W). The interface between the water-sediment and the crude must be well monitored in order to avoid pumping the slurry into the refinery s operating units where it can cause serious upsets. [Pg.327]

This character, called amphiphilic, produces two characteristic sets of behavior, adsorption on the interfaces and auto-association in the form of micelles that extend into the oily surroundings as illustrated in Figure 9.8. [Pg.359]

The role of anti-wear and extreme-pressure additives is to create a solid lubricant at the interface of the metal by chemical reaction. [Pg.362]

An oil reservoir which exists at initial conditions with an overlying gas cap must by definition be at the bubble point pressure at the interface between the gas and the oil, the gas-oil-contact (GOC). Gas existing in an initial gas cap is called free gas, while the gas in solution in the oil is called dissolved or solution gas. [Pg.104]

This property is useful in helping to define the interface between fluids. The intercept between the gas and oil gradients indicates the gas-oil contact (GOG), while the intercept between the oil and water gradients indicates the free water level (FWL) which is related to the oil water contact (OWC) via the transition zone, as described in Section 5.9. [Pg.117]

The gradients may be caloulated from surface fluid densities, or may be directly measured by downhole pressure measurements using the repeat formation testing tool (RFT). The interfaces predicted can be used to confirm wireline measurements of fluid contact. [Pg.117]

Surface tension arises at a fluid to fluid interface as a result of the unequal attraction between molecules of the same fluid and the adjacent fluid. For example, the molecules of water in a water droplet surrounded by air have a larger attraction to each other than to the adjacent air molecules. The imbalance of forces creates an inward pull which causes the droplet to become spherical, as the droplet minimises its surface area. A surface tension exists at the interface of the water and air, and a pressure differential exists between the water phase and the air. The pressure on the water side is greater due to the net inward forces... [Pg.120]

The relationship between the pressure drop across the interface AP, the interfacial tension o, and the radius of the droplet, r, is... [Pg.121]

Inside the capillary tube, the capillary pressure (P ) is the pressure difference between the oil phase pressure (PJ and the water phase pressure (P ) at the interface between the oil and the water. [Pg.122]

The capillary pressure can be related to the height of the interface above the level at which the capillary pressure is zero (called the free water level) by using the hydrostatic pressure equation. Assuming the pressure at the free water level is PI ... [Pg.122]

If a pressure measuring device were run inside the capillary, an oil gradient would be measured in the oil column. A pressure discontinuity would be apparent across the interface (the difference being the capillary pressure), and a water gradient would be measured below the interface. If the device also measured resistivity, a contact would be determined at this interface, and would be described as the oil-water contact (OWC). Note that if oil and water pressure measurements alone were used to construct a pressure-depth plot, and the gradient intercept technigue was used to determine an interface, it is the free water level which would be determined, not the OWC. [Pg.123]

When the radial flow of fluid towards the wellbore comes under the localised influence of the well, the shape of the interface between two fluids may be altered. The following diagrams show the phenomena of coning and cuspingoi water, as water is displacing oil towards the well. [Pg.217]

Simulations of that kind result in a wide variety of A-scans and wavefront snapshots. The first screening of this material reveals, that the simulations in which the transducer is coupling partly to the V-butt weld and partly to the steel exhibit quite a number of pulses in the A-scans because the coupling at the interface of the weld results — due to the anisotropic behavior of the weld — in a complicated splitting of the transmitted wavefront. The different parts of the splitted wavefront are reflected and diffracted by the backwall, the interface, and — if present — by the notch and, therefore, many small signals are received by the transducer, which can only be separated and interpreted with great difficultie.s. [Pg.149]

The diffraction of the incident 45°-S V -transducer-pulse at the interface between the isotropic steel and the anisotropic weld may result in two transmitted qSV-wavefronts, a particular phenomenon to be explained with pertinent slowness diagrams. [Pg.149]

Figure 7 V-butt weld with perpendicular grain orientation and an inclination of the interface of 15° left without, right with backwall breaking notch... Figure 7 V-butt weld with perpendicular grain orientation and an inclination of the interface of 15° left without, right with backwall breaking notch...
Figure 9 Slowness diagram At the interface between isotropic steel and a V-bntt weld with 10° inclination and perpendicular grain orientation the incident 45° (with regard to the sample top surface) shea.r wave will split into two quasi shear waves qSV and qSV( 2.)... Figure 9 Slowness diagram At the interface between isotropic steel and a V-bntt weld with 10° inclination and perpendicular grain orientation the incident 45° (with regard to the sample top surface) shea.r wave will split into two quasi shear waves qSV and qSV( 2.)...
It is well established that GO approximation leads to aceurate results if both the source and the observation points are not close to the interface. In practice, this means that both points must be distant from the interface of at least one wavelength. This condition is always fulfilled for the source point. For the field-point, the accuracy of the solution is ensured if the above condition is completed, as shown by comparing exact and approximate results [5]. [Pg.737]

The function h(t) to be restored is the impulse response of the medium x(t) is the transmitted pulse measured by reflection on a perfect plane reflector, for example the interface between air and water and y(t) is the observed signal. [Pg.746]

This study detects the defect of the void and the exfoliation in the solid phase diffusion bonding interface of ductile cast iron and stainless steel with a nickel insert metal using ultrrasonic testing method, and examine the influence of mutual interference of the reflectional wave both the defect and the interface. [Pg.833]

As a result, the interference of the reflectional wave is shown the change for the position both the defects and the interfaces, and the size of the defect. And, the defect detection quantitatively clarified the change for the wave lengths, the reflection coefficient of sound pressure between materials and the reverse of phase. [Pg.833]

Fig. 5, also an A-scan, shows the possibility of the echo-technique for concrete. The interface and backwall-echo of a 20 cm thick concrete specimen are displayed (RF-display). A HILL-SCAN 3041NF board and a broadband transducer (40mm element 0) are used which enable optimal pulse parameters in a range of 50 to 150 kHz. Remarkable for concrete inspections is the high signal-to-noise ratio of about 18 dB. [Pg.859]

A general prerequisite for the existence of a stable interface between two phases is that the free energy of formation of the interface be positive were it negative or zero, fluctuations would lead to complete dispersion of one phase in another. As implied, thermodynamics constitutes an important discipline within the general subject. It is one in which surface area joins the usual extensive quantities of mass and volume and in which surface tension and surface composition join the usual intensive quantities of pressure, temperature, and bulk composition. The thermodynamic functions of free energy, enthalpy and entropy can be defined for an interface as well as for a bulk portion of matter. Chapters II and ni are based on a rich history of thermodynamic studies of the liquid interface. The phase behavior of liquid films enters in Chapter IV, and the electrical potential and charge are added as thermodynamic variables in Chapter V. [Pg.1]

It was determined, for example, that the surface tension of water relaxes to its equilibrium value with a relaxation time of 0.6 msec [104]. The oscillating jet method has been useful in studying the surface tension of surfactant solutions. Figure 11-21 illustrates the usual observation that at small times the jet appears to have the surface tension of pure water. The slowness in attaining the equilibrium value may partly be due to the times required for surfactant to diffuse to the surface and partly due to chemical rate processes at the interface. See Ref. 105 for similar studies with heptanoic acid and Ref. 106 for some anomalous effects. [Pg.34]

It was made clear in Chapter II that the surface tension is a definite and accurately measurable property of the interface between two liquid phases. Moreover, its value is very rapidly established in pure substances of ordinary viscosity dynamic methods indicate that a normal surface tension is established within a millisecond and probably sooner [1], In this chapter it is thus appropriate to discuss the thermodynamic basis for surface tension and to develop equations for the surface tension of single- and multiple-component systems. We begin with thermodynamics and structure of single-component interfaces and expand our discussion to solutions in Sections III-4 and III-5. [Pg.48]


See other pages where The Interface is mentioned: [Pg.69]    [Pg.149]    [Pg.149]    [Pg.150]    [Pg.156]    [Pg.302]    [Pg.354]    [Pg.116]    [Pg.221]    [Pg.128]    [Pg.201]    [Pg.736]    [Pg.737]    [Pg.803]    [Pg.833]    [Pg.834]    [Pg.838]    [Pg.1011]    [Pg.1]    [Pg.18]    [Pg.19]   


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AFM at the liquid-solid interface

Adsorption at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface

Adsorption at the Solid-Solution Interface

Adsorption at the Solid-Vapor Interface

Adsorption at the solid-liquid interface

Adsorption of Catalyst at the Interface

Adsorption of surfactants at the solid/liquid interfac

Anionics at the air/water interface

Apparent resistivity curves of the transient method in a medium with cylindrical interfaces

Appendix interfaces and the notion of surface tension

Application to the Solid-Solution Interface

Aqueous Ion Solvation at the Interface

Aspects Interaction of Particles with the Air-Liquid Interface (Surfactant)

At the air-water interface

Atomic structure at the interface

Bistable energy transmission through the interface with Fermi resonance interaction

Block diagram of energy flows at the snow -ice-water interface

Blocking and Interfacing the Transducer

Bond Failures at the Metal-to-Primer Interface

Bond Failures in the Polyurethane-Cement Interface

Bridging the Molecule-Solid State Interface

C NMR at the Electrochemical Interface

Calorimetry at the Solid-Liquid Interface

Carbon Processes across the Air-Sea Interface

Characteristic Time to Achieve Equilibrium in the Gas-Particle Interface

Characterization of the interface

Characterizing the Bio-Nano Interface

Charge Transfer Processes at the Semiconductor-Liquid Interface

Charge Transfer at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface

Charge across the interface

Charge and Potential Distribution at the Interface

Charge carrier transport in the electrode-oxide semiconductor interfaces

Charge transfer at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface

Chiral, at the Air-Water Interface (Stewart and Arnett)

Chirality and molecular recognition in monolayers at the air-water interface

Classical model of the compact double layer at interfaces

Compact layer at the interface

Conditions at the Interface Surface

Conformation at the solid/liquid interface

Copolymers and Selective Interfaces The Phase Diagram

Corrosion Specifics at the Metal-Polymer Interface

Coupling of Reactions at the Interface Between Immiscible Liquids

Defect thermodynamics of the interface

Density profiles at the interface

Diffuse layer at the interface

Displacement of the Electrochemical Interface

Effect of the Interface

Electrical double layer at the oxide solution interface

Electrochemistry at the cell membrane-solution interface

Electrochemistry, understanding the solid-liquid interface

Electron Transfer at the Interface of Two Immiscible Liquids

Electron transfer at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface

Electronic States at the Interface

Electrons in the interface

Energy Level Alignment at the Interface

Energy and Stresses in the Crystal-Melt Interface

Enhancement at the gas-liquid interfac

Equation at the interface

Experiment 6.1 Zeta potential measurements at the silica water interface

Experimental Measurement of the Volta Potential Difference at Interfaces

Flatband Potential and Position of Energy Bands at the Interface

Formation and Structure of the Interface

Fuel Cell Development—Managing the Interfaces

Gas Solubility and Exchange across the Air-Sea Interface

General remarks on the nomenclature of charged interfaces

Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions for a Translating Drop with Surfactant Adsorbed at the Interface

Growth kinetics of intermetallic layers at the transition metal-liquid aluminium interface

Heat of Adsorption at the Solid-Solution Interface

High and the electrospray interface

Imaging and Characterization of the Bio-Nano Interface

In monolayers at the air-water interface

Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy of Monolayers at the Air-Water Interface

Interaction between the Ice-Water Interface and Antifreeze Proteins

Interaction with the Interface Attachment and Detachment

Interface with the Orbital Model

Interface, the air-water, chirality and

Interface, the air-water, chirality and molecular recognition

Interface, the air-water, chirality and molecular recognition in monolayers

Interfacial tension at the oil-water interface

Internal Energy of the Interface

Isotopes as Tracers of Elements Across the Geosphere-Biosphere Interface

Kinetics of Electron Transfer at the Metal-Liquid Interface

LC-MS Interfaces Applied in Environmental Analysis During the Last Decade

Layer at the Insulator-Solution Interface

Lipid monolayers at the air-water interface

Liquid-gas interface in the model of attracting hard spheres

Location of the interface

Lock-and-Key Processes at Crystalline Interfaces: Relevance to the

MD Simulation of the Ice-Water Interface

Metal at the soil-root interface

Microbes at the Interface

Modeling of the Oxide-Solution Interface

Modeling the SEI-Electrolyte Interface

Modifying the Interface

Modulus at the interface

Molecular Recognition in Monolayers at the Air-Water Interface

Molecular orientation at the interface

Molecular orientation at the solid-liquid interface

Monolayers at the Air-Water Interface (Stewart and Arnett)

Morphology of the Interface

Nanoscale Processes at the ElectrodeIonic Liquid Interface

Noise of the Synthetic Membrane-Electrolyte Interface

Nucleation at the interface hypothesis

O2 Flux across the Sea-Air Interface

Of proteins at the solid/liquid interface

Optical Chirality Measurement of the Interface

Orientation of water molecules at the interface

Particle on the Interface Between Two Fluids

Particles in the liquid-gas interface

Phase transitions in interfaces. The Cahn transition

Phospholipids at the interface

Phosphorus Fluxes Across the Sediment-Water Interface

Photochemistry at the Solid-Solution Interface

Physical and thermodynamic quantities at the interface

Physical approaches to the metal-oxide interface

Polymer adsorption at the solid-liquid interface

Polynomial-time in the interface inputs alon

Potential difference across the interface

Potential distribution across the electrode interface

Potentials at the Interfaces of Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions

Predisposing Factors Level 1 - The Person - Machine Interface

Primary bonding at the interface

Probing Surfactant Adsorption at the Solid-Solution Interface by Neutron Reflectometry

Probing the buried interface

Properties and Indiffusion of Metals at the Interfaces with Organic Semiconductors

Properties of the Crystal-Melt Interface

Proton Transport Near the Polymer-Water Interface

Quantum mechanical treatment of the interface

Raman Spectroscopy of the Interface

Reactions at the air-water interface

Reactions at the interface between source and analyser

Receptors at the Air-Water Interface

Recognition at the Electrochemical Interface

Results for the Mercury-Aqueous Solution Interface

Role of the Matrix and Interface

Roughness at the Film-Liquid Interface

Saturation of the interface

Scale-up, Flow Distribution and Interface to the Macroscopic World

Sharpness of the interface

Sheet Heated on Both Sides with Infinite Heat Transfer at the Interface

Simplification of the Interface Boundary Conditions for a Thin Film

Single Molecule Probing at the Interface

Some observations on the behaviour of proteins at solid-liquid interfaces

Stabilization of the Oxide Interface

Stress Transfer Across the Interface

Structure of Water at the Interface

Structure of the Crystalline Interface

Structure of the Interface and Adsorption

Surface Space Charge at the Solid-Liquid Interface

Surface polaritons at the sharp interface between media

Surfactants adsorption at the solid/liquid interfac

THE GAS-SOLID INTERFACE

THE INTERFACE WITH BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

THE LIQUID-GAS INTERFACE

THE LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACE

Temperature at the interface between

Temperature at the phase interface

Tension at the oil-water interface

The Air-Water Interface

The AnodeElectrolyte Interface

The Atmospheric-Pressure Chemical Ionization Interface

The Atomic Structure of Moving Interfaces

The Backbone Interface Concept

The Buried Interface

The Chemical and Electrical Implications of Charge Transfer at Interfaces

The Clinical-Molecular Interface Pneumonia

The Continuous Flow of Electrons across an Interface Electrochemical Reactions

The Dilute Solution-Solid Interface

The Direct-Liquid-Introduction Interface

The Electrical Aspects of Interfaces

The Electrified Solid-Electrolyte Interface

The Electrified Solid-Liquid Interface

The Electrospray Interface

The Equivalence of Current Density at an Interface and Reaction Rate

The GUI Interface

The General Relationship between Current and Potential at an Interface

The Graphical User Interface

The Hydrocarbon-Water Interface

The Interface (Gibbs Dividing Line)

The Interface Between Economics and Nutrient Cycling in Amazon Land Development

The Interface Between Home and Hospital

The Interface Model

The Interface Structure

The Interface between Solids

The Interface of Information with State Likelihood

The Interface of Two Condensed Phases

The Matano interface

The Metal-Molten Salt Interface

The Moving-Belt Interface

The Neat Interface

The Open Split Interface

The Output Interface

The Particle-Beam Interface

The Redox Interface

The Reflectivity of an Interface

The Role of Hydrogen-Bonding at Crystal Interfaces

The SC Operations and Marketing Interface

The Semiconductor-Electrolyte Interface at Equilibrium

The Solid-Gas Interface—General Considerations

The Solid-Liquid Interface—Adsorption from Solution

The Structure of Electrified Interfaces

The Thermodynamics of Fluid Interfaces

The Thermospray Interface

The Tissue—Implant Interface

The User Interface

The Vacuum Interface

The aluminum on polythiophene interface

The areal speed of an interface reaction

The ay interface

The closest approach of water molecules to electrode interfaces

The dynamics of adsorption at liquid interfaces

The electrochemical interface

The host-parasite interface

The interface between two immiscible solutions

The interface of zero charge

The magnetic field in a medium with one horizontal interface

The magnetic field in a medium with two cylindrical interfaces

The marketing and logistics interface

The metal oxide-electrolyte interface

The metal-solution interface

The nature of metal oxide-aqueous solution interfaces some basics

The reaction interface

The sampling interface

The semiconductor-electrolyte interface

The simple interface

The smooth interface

The steady nonequilibrium space charge in concentration polarization at a permselective homogeneous interface

The strength of interfaces involving glassy polymers

The strength of interfaces involving rubbery polymers

The working interface Where exposure to hazard can occur

Thermodynamics of the Interface

Thickness of the Domain Interface

Thin film coatings and the biological interface

Tools and Methodologies for the Characterization of Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces

Tools of the Trade IV. Interfaces and Ion Sources for Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Transfer Through the Interface

Transfer across the interface

Translating Mussel Adhesion Four Uncertainties about the Interface

Transport Control at the Interface

Transport toward the Interface

What About the Interface

What can be Learnt from IR Spectroscopy at the Interface

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