Characterization of the interface

In recent years, the characterization technology of resin matrix-filler interface interaction has undergone many new and important developments. This laid the experimental foundation for studies of interfacial composition and structural form, speculation of many physical and chemical properties of composites, the interfacial interaction mechanism, interface forms, and interface optimization design. The following are methods commonly used for characterizing the interface. 

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Aruchamy A, Bmce JA, Tanaka S, Wrighton MS (1983) Characterization of the interface energetics for n-type cadmium selenide/nonaqueous electrolyte junctions. J Electrochem Soc 130 359-364... 

TTie on-Hne coupHng of analytical techniques to the ICP has been chiefly Hmited to techniques using aqueous solutions. Organic solvents are a major problem which can be minimized by using a membrane interface [4], rather than a conventional nebuHzer system. Gustavsson [4] described the characterization of the interface using chloroform and Freon as solvents. TTiere are, however, appHcations demanding more polar solvents. 

Li, Y., Lu, D., Swanson, S.A.S.A., Scott, J.C. and Galli, G. (2008) Microscopic characterization of the interface between aromatic isocyanides andAu(lll) a first-principles investigation. J. Phys. 

An in-situ characterization of the interface structure of the growing oxide film appears to be necessary for an appropriate modeling, but this is most difficult to achieve [B. Pieraggi, R. A. Rapp (1988)]. 

Characterization of the Interface with an Additional 2-D or 3-D Insulating Phase. . 227... 

Le Denmat, M., Anton, M., Beaumal, V., and Gandemer, G. 1999. Characterization of the interface of oil-in-water emulsions prepared with hen egg yolk at different pH and NaCl concentrations. Proceedings VIII European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Eggs Products, Bologna, Italy, pp. 325-332. 

Corredig, M., Dalgleish, D.G. 1998c. Characterization of the interface of an oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by milk fat globule membrane material. J. Dairy Res. 65, 465 177. 

Structural characterization of the interfaces from analysis of the high-frequency shifted His imidazole ring NH proton signals has revealed that there is a path for the transmission of structural information between the heme active site and the EF—H interface. The presence of a similar structural correlation between the heme active site and the EF—H interface has been... 

Filiaggi, M.J., Coombs, N.A., and Pilliar, R.M. (1991) Characterization of the interface in the plasma-sprayed HAp coating/Ti-6Al-4V implant system. /. Biomed. Mater. Res.,... 

This technique of direct profile imaging is powerful for the determination of the 3D shape of very small particles (2-8 nm) and the structural characterization of the interface at the atomic level, as for example the Pd/MgO and Pd/ZnO interfaces. ... 

The central nervous system (CNS) appropriately excites the muscle, and the generated tension is transferred to the skeletal system by the tendon to cause motion, stabilize the joint, and resist the effect of external forces on the body. Hence the functional evaluation of muscles cannot be performed without the characterization of the interfaced mechanical environment. 

Characterization of the interface dipole at organic/metal interfaces. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124,8131-8141. 

Raj, J. M., Ranganathaiah, C., Anew method of stabilization and characterization of the interface in binary polymer blends by irradiation A positron annihilation study. Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymer Physics 2009,47, 619-632. 

Akashi, S., Takio, K (2000) Characterization of the interface structure of enzyme-inhibitor complex by using hydrogen-deuterium exchange and electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Protein Sci, 9 (12), 2497-2505. 

Klinklin E, Guigon M, Characterization of the interface in carbon fiber reinforced composites by transmission electron microscopy. Colloids and Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 74(92-93), 243-250, 1993. 

Zafeiropoulos N, Williams D, Baillie C, Matthews F (2002) Engineering and characterization of the interface in fiax fibre/polypropylene composite materials. Part I Development and investigation of surface treatments. Compos A Appl Sci 33(8) 1083-1093... 

Liu EP, Wolcott MP, Gardner DJ, Rials GT (1994) Characterization of the interface between cellulose fibers and a thermoplastic matrix. Compos Interface 2 419-432... 

Zafeiropoulos NE, Williams DR, Baillie CA, Matthews EL (2002) Engmeering and characterization of the interface in flax fibre/polypropyltaie composite matraials. Part L Development and investigation of surface treatments. Compos Part A 33 1083—1093 Borysiak S (2010) Supeimolecular structure of wood tolypropylene cmnposites I. The influence of processing parameters and chemical treatment of the filler. Polym Bull 64 275-290... 

To maximize the effectiveness of such a complementary approach the data acquisition should take place in a single cychc (staircase, see Figure 1) potential scan. The multidimensional data acquired in such a combined EIS-EQCM scan, once analyzed, can provide a more accurate and detailed model for characterization of the interface. This provides a deeper physical insight into the electrode/electrolyte interface. This rationale for combining EIS, EQCM and DC techniques is summarized in Figure 2. 

Electrochemical properties are other important physical surface parameters. The existing surface charge density, i.e. the surface potential, has a strong influence on protein adsorption and blood compatibility [81]. In this way the characterization of the interface charge density of a biomaterial by -potential determination delivers an important parameter for understanding blood compatibility of biomaterial surfaces [82-85]. 

Cappel UB, Smeigh AL, Plogmaker S, Johansson EMJ, Rensmo H, Hammarstrom L, Hagfeldt A, Boschloo G (2011) Characterization of the interface properties and processes in solid state dye-sensitized solar cells employing a perylene sensitizer. J Phys Chem C 115 4345 358... 

The objective of this work was the utilization of some recently developed techniques that may be of value in the characterization of the adhesive process between a titanium alloy and a variety of polylmide resin systems. The techniques utilized were electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), specular reflectance infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Contact angles of various liquids on the titanium alloy were also measured. Specifically, the question arises to what extent are any of these techniques of value in the characterization of the interface and in the determination of interactions for the titanium 6-4/polyimide resin systems. Dwight and Riggs (5) successfully used ESCA, soft X-ray spectroscopy, contact angle hysteresis and electron microscopy to examine fluoropolymer surfaces. 

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