Textiles viscose rayon

Originally, the word rayon was appHed to any ceUulose-based man-made fiber, and therefore included the cellulose acetate fibers. However, the definition of rayon was clarified in 1951 and includes textiles fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose and excludes acetate. In Europe the fibers are now generally known as viscose the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. 

C. M. Deeley, "Viscose Rayon Production," JSJotes for the Associateship of the Textile Institute Examination Eectures, Sept. 14,1959. 

Other uses of HCI are legion and range from the purification of fine silica for the ceramics industry, and the refining of oils, fats and waxes, to the manufacture of chloroprene mbbers, PVC plastics, industrial solvents and organic intermediates, the production of viscose rayon yam and staple fibre, and the wet processing of textiles (where hydrochloric acid is used as a sour to neutralize residual alkali and remove metallic and other impurities). 

Cellulose may be solubilised by treatment with sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide. It can be regenerated by acidification of the solution. This is the basis of the production of regenerated cellulose fibre, so-called viscose rayon , which is a major textile fibre. The technique is also used for the production of continuous cellulose-derived film, so-called cellophane (from cellulose and diaphane , the latter being French for transparent). 

There are ten viscose rayon manufacturing plants in the U.S., all of which are believed to use zinc sulfate in their spinning bath. This process greatly enhances the economics of removing this source of zinc pollution, allowing neutralization of the acid stream and recovery of the zinc while generating a good profit for industrial yarns and at a moderate cost for textile yams. 

This term was originally intended to denote all kinds of man-made textile fibres, but is now applied only to cellulose types. Viscose rayon (regenerated from a solution of cellulose xanthate in sodium hydroxide) accounts for the greater part of world rayon production. Acetate rayon and cuprammonium rayon are relatively unimportant. 

P.R.170 is not always heat stable enough to allow application in polyolefins. In HDPE systems formulated at 1/3 SD, the pigment tolerates exposure to 220 to 240°C for one minute. Its tinctorial strength, on the other hand, is excellent. P.R.170 is also occasionally used in polypropylene and polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing in the latter medium, it satisfies the specifications of the clothing and home textiles industries. Besides, P.R.170 lends color to viscose rayon and viscose cellulose it is used for the mass coloration of semisynthetic fibers made of cellulose last but not least, it colors yarns, fibers, and films made of secondary acetate. 

P.B.15 1, like other types of Copper Phthalocyanine, find extensive use in the spin dyeing of polypropylene, polyester, polyamide, secondary acetate, viscose rayon, and spun rayon. In these, as in other media, P.B.15 1 is very lightfast, and its textile fastness properties are almost entirely if not entirely satisfactory. 

Uses Manufacture of viscose rayon, cellophane, flotation agents, ammonium salts, carbon tetrachloride, carbanilide, paints, enamels, paint removers, varnishes, tallow, textiles, rocket fuel, soil disinfectants, electronic vacuum tubes, herbicides grain fumigants solvent for fats, resins, phosphorus, sulfur, bromine, iodine, and rubber petroleum and coal tar refining solvent and eluant for organics adsorbed on charcoal for air analysis. 

Carbon disulfide is used in viscose rayon, cellophane,for the manuf of carbon tetrachloride, in veterinary medicine as a solv in paints, rubber, textiles, matches and as a fumigant, preservative pesticide(Refs 6 18). It is highly dangerous when exposed to heat, flame, sparks or friction. 

The natural fibers obtained from cotton, wood, flax, hemp, and jute all are cellulose fibers and serve as raw materials for the textile and paper industries. In addition to its use as a natural fiber and in those industries that depend on wood as a construction material, cellulose is used to make cellulose acetate (for making rayon acetate yarn, photographic film, and cellulose acetate butyrate plastics), nitric acid esters (gun cotton and celluloid7), and cellulose xanthate (for making viscose rayon fibers). The process by which viscose rayon is manufactured involves converting wood pulp or cotton Iinters into cellulose xanthate by reaction with carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide ... 

LAURYL PYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE is a cationic surface active agent which is used as a dispersing and wetting agent to keep spinnerettes clean in the manufacture of viscose rayon. In the textile industry it is used as a stripping agent for vat and other dyes. 

The various TEX-WETS are colloidal aqueous silica dispersions widely used in textile finishing to control yarn slippage, modify hand, and control luster. However applied, these products can be used to stabilize weave and to impart special finish effects to fabrics made of cotton, wool, synthetic fibers and filaments, and to mixtures. Treatment gives outstanding finishes on nylon and Dacron marquisettes, rayon fabrics and viscose rayon suitings. Application requires no special equipment nor curing. The dispersions are not cationic and, therefore, cannot be applied by exhaustion onto the fabric. 

Because of consumer demand in the second half of this century for easy care textiles, interest in the reactivity of cellulose from the ever popular cotton and viscose rayon preceded interest in the other products. In fact, it is the alcohol functionality of cotton and viscose cellulose that is responsible for improvements in the aesthetic and functional properties of their fibers and fabrics. 

In 1989, the estimated distribution of carbon disulfide utilization was as follows 34% of production went to manufacture viscose rayon, 6% to produce cellophane, 38% to produce carbon tetrachloride, 7% to produce rubber chemicals, and 15% to produce pesticides and to solubilize waxes and oils (HSDB 1995). Future use patterns remain uncertain, although it is expected that less may be used to produce viscose rayon, cellulose, and carbon tetrachloride, products for which the demand has declined and for which alternate production processes may be found (HSDB 1995 Mannsville Chemical Products Corp. 1985 Timmerman 1978). Unless substitutes for carbon disulfide are found, its use levels may depend largely on relative import and export levels of textiles and apparel (Mannsville Chemical Products Corp. 1985). Carbon disulfide use for many other specialty industrial purposes is expected to continue (HSDB 1995 Timmerman 1978). 

Freitag. 1931. Injury to health in the viscose rayon industry. Melliand Textile Monthly 3 758-759. 

CHA 05] Chang Lang Y., Chung Hee P., Yun-kyung K., et al, BiodegradabiUty of viscose Rayon and Lyocell fibers , Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles,... 

The viscose process is used for the production of textile fibers, known as viscose rayon, and transparent packaging film, known as cellophane (the name is coined from ceZZulose and diaphane, which is French for transparent). 

However, there are potential risks associated with using bamboo as a polymer source for rayon since there is currently a lack of transparency in the supply chain. It is not always clear which type of bamboo is used for fibre, where it is grown, how it is cultivated, how it is harvested, and so forth. To date, there is no known organic certification of bamboo. The process to make bamboo viscose rayon fibre is the same process that is used to produce viscose/rayon from any other plant source. The cellulose is extracted from the bamboo and then mixed with chemicals to convert the plant pulp into textile quality fibre. This process can be very polluting unless it is carefully controlled, and can be influenced by the age and condition of the equipment as well as by whether there is any by-product recycling or effluent treatment. Note that in most countries the fibre cannot be called bamboo, only rayon or viscose from bamboo (textileexchange.org). 

In 1900, representatives of the British silk firm Samuel Courtauld and Company saw an impressive display of viscose rayon yarn at the Paris Exhibition. When the company heard of the progress made by Topham and Steam, they conducted a careful study of the process, compared it with the other processes, and decided to get into the viscose rayon business. In 1904, Courtauld purchased the British rights to manufacture textile yam from viscose, the patents of Cross, Bevan, and Steam, and the rights to Topham s spinning box. A plant was built at Coventry, and the first yarn was produced in November 1905. The yams were accepted with enthusiasm by the textile trade, and, by 1909, Courtauld was producing 150,000 Ib/year. In 1910, expansion with new equipments raised the total to 2,000,000 lb. Viscose rayon was thus established as a viable human-made component of the textile trade. 

The name rayon was officially adopted in 1924 by the National Retail Dry Goods Association. Prior to this, the fiber was called artificial silk, wood-silk, or viscose silk. On October 26, 1937, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) officially defined rayon as a textile fiber or yarn produced chemically from cellulose or with a cellulose base. This definition covered cuprammonium and viscose rayon as well as acetate fiber. To avoid confusion in the trade, FTC rules were adopted on December 11, 1951, which defined rayon as man-made textile fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose. A separate definition was adopted for acetate, man-made textile fibers and filaments composed of cellulose acetate. ... 

Camille and Henry Dreyfus developed the first commercial process to manufacture cellulose acetate in 1905 and commercialized the spinning of cellulose acetate fibers in 1924 in the United States. At that time, the only other human-made fiber was viscose rayon, which was still in its early stages of commercialization. The main textile fibers were natural fibers cotton, wool, silk, and flax. Cellulose triacetate textile fiber was commercialized later in the 1950s. The tremendous technical effort by the Dreyfus Brothers resulted in more than 300 patents describing such significant inventions as the dry-spinning process and disperse dyeing. 

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