Textile fastness properties

Finally, the degree of migration is also controlled by the chemical constitution of the pigment (Sec. 1.4.4) and by its particle size distribution (Sec. 1.7.7). 

---

In spin dyed secondary acetate threads, fibers, and films, P.B1.25 exhibits good textile fastness properties the only problem is a certain lack of fastness to bleaching with sodium hypochlorite (Sec. 1.6.2.4). Its fastness to light in 0.1% spin dyed specimens equals step 3-4 on the Blue Scale, while 1% samples equal step 5. 

P.R.208 is also used in polyacrylonitrile spin dyeing. It exhibits excellent textile fastness properties and shows good lightfastness. Full shades (3% pigment concentration) equal step 7 on the Blue Scale, while very light (0.1% pigment) red specimens match step 5. The list of applications includes secondary acetate spin dyeing and mass coloration of polyurethane foam and elastomers. P.R.208 is inert to peroxides. 

P.B.15 1, like other types of Copper Phthalocyanine, find extensive use in the spin dyeing of polypropylene, polyester, polyamide, secondary acetate, viscose rayon, and spun rayon. In these, as in other media, P.B.15 1 is very lightfast, and its textile fastness properties are almost entirely if not entirely satisfactory. 

Utilized in spin dyeing, P.Gr.7 lends color to all types of commercially important fibers. The products demonstrate excellent lightfastness and weatherfastness. Used in polyacrylonitrile, for instance, P.Gr.7 satisfies the stringent requirements for use in outdoor textiles such as canvasses. Its textile fastness properties are almost, if not completely satisfactory. This textiles field is another area in which Copper Phthalocyanine Blue types are more than twice as strong as P.Gr.7. 

With an appropriate selection of pigments, textile fastness properties, such as those relating to laundering, perspiration, rubbing, and light/weather, are of the highest level. 

Thioindigo Pigments. The thioindigos are red and violet pigments developed for textiles. Two red—violets. Pigment Red 88 [14295 3-3] and Pigment Red 198 [6371-39-9] are recommended for plastics because of their excellent fastness properties. 

Premetallized Dyes. This dye group is appHed to the same textile fibers and with the same procedures as those with acid dyes. The premetallized dyes offer better fastness properties, but lack brilliancy of shade. Except ia printing of carpeting, the neutral dyeiag types of premetallized dyes are appHed generally without acid or acid donor. 

The textiles printing industry has an appreciable interest in P.Y.17 and applies it in the form of pigment preparations. Where its fastness properties satisfy the specifications and where the use requirements are not too demanding, the pigment is also utilized for spin dyeing purposes. Manufacturer recommendations include media such as polyacrylonitrile and cellulose acetate fibers, on which 1/3 SD pigment prints exhibit a lightfastness which is equal to step 5 on the Blue Scale. 

The high quality of the fastness properties is the basis for frequent pigment use in textile printing. Dry cleaning with perchloroethylene or washing has almost no effect on the color. P.Y.83, sometimes in the form of a preparation, is used for viscose spin dyeing, secondary acetate, and polyacrylonitrile. 

P.O.5 is in high demand in the field of the textile printing. As far as most of the relevant fastness properties are concerned, P.O.5 performs less well than the somewhat yellower and much more expensive perinone pigment P.O.43. Compared to the somewhat yellower P.O.34, however, its fastness to light is superior. 1/3 SD P.O.5 samples equal step 7 on the Blue Scale, as opposed to step 5-6 reached by P.O.34. In other respects, such as fastness to dry-cleaning with perchloroethylene or petrolether, to laundering with peroxide bleach or alkali, P.O.5 performs less well than P.O.34. 

Iron Complexes. Iron complexes of tridentate o,o -dihydroxyazo compounds are prepared under weakly acidic conditions at 40-80°C. Both Fe11 and Fe111 salts can serve as iron source. The Fem complexes that result in both cases do not have sufficient stability to dye textile substrates, but the dyeings on leather have good fastness properties [21],... 

For details, see [5, p. 355-390], [6], The goal of every dyeing is a colored textile in the desired shade, homogeneous in hue and depth of shade, produced by an economic process and which exhibits satisfactory fastness properties in the finished state. 

Standard fastness properties of dyes on various textiles are given in the Colour Index [28],... 

Stability of the Dye-Fiber Bond. Because of the large variety of reactive dyes, generalizations about colorfastness are difficult. While wetfastness is determined mainly by the anchor system used, most other fastness properties depend on the dye as a whole or the chromophore present. Most reactive dyes are azo or anthra-quinone derivatives whose standard of fastness varies greatly. Phthalocyanine, formazan, and triphenodioxazine derivatives are also very important. In addition, application conditions and finishing processes of the dyed goods can affect fastness properties. Thus, with some resin-finished textiles (dimethylolpropyleneurea finish) a decrease in lightfastness is observed. 

---