Grain fumigants

Prior to 1977, trichloroethylene was used as a general and obstetrical anesthetic grain fumigant skin, wound, and surgical disinfectant pet food additive and extractant of spice oleoresins in food and of caffeine for the... 

Garry VF, Nelson R, Harkins M. 1987. Detection of genotoxicity of grain fumigants in humans lymphocytes [Abstract]. Environ Mutagen 9 38-39. 

Rowe VK, Hollingsworth RL, McCollister DD. 1954. Pesticide toxicity Toxicity study of a grain fumigant (Dowfume EB-5). J Agric Food Chem 2 1318-1323. 

Uses Copolymerized with methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, or 1,1-dichloroethylene to produce acrylic and modacrylic fibers and high-strength fibers ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers nitrile rubber cyano-ethylation of cotton synthetic soil block (acrylonitrile polymerized in wood pulp) manufacture of adhesives organic synthesis grain fumigant pesticide monomer for a semi-conductive polymer that can be used similar to inorganic oxide catalysts in dehydrogenation of tert-butyl alcohol to isobutylene and water pharmaceuticals antioxidants dyes and surfactants. 

Uses Manufacture of viscose rayon, cellophane, flotation agents, ammonium salts, carbon tetrachloride, carbanilide, paints, enamels, paint removers, varnishes, tallow, textiles, rocket fuel, soil disinfectants, electronic vacuum tubes, herbicides grain fumigants solvent for fats, resins, phosphorus, sulfur, bromine, iodine, and rubber petroleum and coal tar refining solvent and eluant for organics adsorbed on charcoal for air analysis. 

Uses Disinfecting cereals and grains fumigant and soil insecticide dyestuffs odorant in methyl bromide fungicide rat exterminator organic synthesis war gas. 

Uses. In the manufacture of chlorofluoro-carbons, which in turn are primarily used as refrigerants formerly used widely as a solvent, also as a grain fumigant and in fire extinguishers. Because of toxicity consumer uses have been discontinued and only industrial use remains. 

Uses. Cleansing agent degreaser solvent for plastics, oils, and fats grain fumigant chemical intermediate formerly used as an anesthetic... 

Carbon tetrachloride is a stable chemical that is degraded very slowly, so there has been a gradual accumulation of carbon tetrachloride in the environment as a consequence of releases from human activities. Until 1986, the largest source of release was from the use of carbon tetrachloride as a grain fumigant, but this practice has now been stopped. Other releases of carbon tetrachloride may occur during carbon tetrachloride production or during the use of carbon tetrachloride in the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons and other chemical products. 

As is evident, less than 10% of RP produced annually is used for military pyrotechnics. Its major use is in non-military applications where it is used mainly for the production of safety matches, aluminum phosphide (used for grain fumigation) and flame retardants. The use of RP as a flame retardant in the plastics industry, where it is added at the levels of a few percent to plastics such as poly-... 

The use of EDB was finally discontinued in 1984 (ref. 28). Three more grain fumigants used as EDB substitutes were removed in 1985 (ref. 29a) carbon tetrachloride (CCl ), carbon disulfide and ethylene dichloride. Remaining stocks of these msy not be used after June 30. 1986 and all food residue exemptions are to be revoked by that date. All four of the organohalides discussed are classified as carcinogens by the EPA, based on NCI findings (refs. 29b,d). 

No aluminum-related deaths in healthy humans have been reported after oral exposure. One aluminum compound that can be life threatening to humans is aluminum phosphide, a grain fumigant. Accidental or volitional ingestion (to commit suicide) of large amounts has caused death (Chopra et al. 1986 Khosla et al. 1988). The toxicity from this compound is due to the exposure to phosphine gas which is produced in the gastrointestinal tract after the aluminum phosphide is ingested. 

Aluminum phosphide is used as an insecticidal grain fumigant (Budavari et al. 1989). 

Use of aluminum phosphide is more recent in India as compared with other fumigants like methyl bromide (MB), EDB, and ethylene dibromide carbon tetrachloride mixture (EDCT). It is now being used on a large scale by the Food Corporation of India, the Central Warehousing Corporation, and State Warehousing Corporation for food grain fumigation stationed in different parts of India. 

Perchloroethylene Dry cleaning, metal degreasing, grain fumigating Edema... 

Phosphine, PH3 (bp 87.4°C)—Phosphine is a stored-grain fumigant. It is generated by the reaction of aluminum phosphide (AIP) with water vapor in the surrounding air. Its inhalation LC50 (4 hr) in rats is 11 ppm. 

---