Pesticide produced

Pesticides Producers Association, 263 PETRARCH , silanes and silicones, 104 Petresa Group, 203... 

Releases to the atmosphere from production facilities and disposal sites have also been reported. Studies have shown that releases of methyl parathion to the atmosphere occur in the vicinity of pesticide-producing factories. At two predominately downwind sites located 1 mile from a plant producing methyl parathion, average monthly concentrations were <0.57 and <0.64 ng/m (Foster 1974). Air emissions from methyl parathion production facilities have been reported to contain 1.0 kg/1,000 kg pesticide produced. In addition, evaporation from holding ponds for pesticide waste potentially contributes 7.4 mg/1,000 kg pesticide produced to the atmosphere (EPA 1978d). 

Pesticides produced in the USSR were usually supplied to farms in extremely inconvenient sizes and packaging (in 100- to 200-liter containers, or in 20- to 50-kilogram bags), with labels that were not in accordance with international standards. The concentration of working solutions of pesticides did not hold up. The pesticide delivery technology did not meet requirements. Because of insufficient packaging and specialized technology, up to 20% of the pesticides were lost on the way to the field. Because sprayer construction was of low quality, 30% of the pesticides used were lost. 

By the middle of the 1980s, the USSR produced more than 300,000 tons of pesticides in approximately 60 different nomenclatures (about 100 formulations). In 1989, only 40% of the pesticides produced met world standards. 

Pesticide mutagenic activities are usually ascertained much later than the inception of active use in agriculture and forestry [3]. This is because pesticide-producing companies are not interested in detecting mutagenic affects in their products, and do not conduct the long, expensive, comprehensive research needed to do so. In the best case, they comply with the prescribed health test standards for mutagenic activities in new pesticides - which normally use only three test systems (as is done, for example, in the USA). 

As with the review of agrochemical usage on crops, it is the developed world that consumes the majority of the pesticides produced. As these countries are the richest nations it is unlikely that this will change within the foreseeable future. This again means that agrochemical companies will target established markets in wealthy countries, but with an eye on the situation in large potential markets such as China (population 1200 million) and India (population 900 million). 

Therefore, awareness that influences willingness, and leadership, but also new forms of communication and cooperation and a possible shift in corporate (safety) culture, are all crucial elements for ISP. Good and successful examples set by companies seen as peers may also strongly stimulate industry. Indeed, the production of the same pesticide produced by Union Carbide in Bhopal using a batch process was accomplished by DuPont using an inherently safer continuous flow process. 

Government organizations, universities, grower groups, dealers, pesticide producers, and others in the agricultural community have been very involved in product stewardship by encouraging the use of BMPs to protect the environment from runoff into streams, rivers, reservoirs, and lakes. The label directions on several pesticide products now include BMPs. The adoption of BMPs in many crops can be attributed in part to specific use directions on the labels... 

Organochlorine pesticides were predominantly used during the 1950s-1970s in China. DDT, HCH, toxaphene, HCB, chlordane, heptachlor, and mirex used to be produced in China. Historically, there have been 60 POP pesticide-producing enterprises, which were located in 18 provinces in China. 

The United States has been a leader in the development and use of herbicides. In 1951, herbicides amounted to only 10% of the total of 463 million pounds of pesticides produced in this country (Fig. 5). In 1974, the latest year for which records are available, 604 million pounds, or 43% of the 1,417 million pounds of pesticides produced in the United States, were herbicides ( 5). ... 

The combination of the health-relevant time-window and the toxicokinetic properties of the agent of interest determine the optimal exposure assessment strategy. Dioxin, a contaminant of chlorophenoxy herbicides and fungicides, has a relatively long biological half-life, estimated at about seven years and is measurable in serum. Serum measurements of dioxin are therefore relatively stable, and simple first-order kinetics have been used to back-estimate serum dioxin levels on the basis of an occupational history. Such exposure data have been used quite successfully in epidemiological analyses of cohorts of pesticide producers (Hooiveld et al, 1998). 

Pesticide-producing establishments must be registered and inspected by the EPA. 

Other effects of toxic chemical mixtures on soil are not predictable. Mixtures of fertilizers and pesticides produce enhanced toxic effects. The additions of urea, superphosphate, and potash enhance the toxicities of carbaryl and carbofuran insecticides to nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soilJ26 Soil co-contaminated with arsenic and DDT does not break down DDT as rapidly as soil contaminated with DDT alone. This results in a persistence of DDT in the environment. I27 ... 

The toxic effects of some pesticide mixtures are additive, particularly when their toxic mechanisms are identical. The additive effects of the organophosphates chlorpyrifos and diazanon were demonstrated in one study. T Another study found the s-triazine herbicides atrazine and cyanazine to show additive toxic effects. Not all mixtures of similar pesticides produce additive effects, however. In one study, mixtures of five organophos-phate pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, acephate, and malathion) were shown to produce greater than additive effects when administered to laboratory animals. Another article discusses nonsimple additive effects of pyrethroid mixtures. Despite the similarities in their chemical structure, pyrethroids act on multiple sites, and mixtures of these produce different toxic effects. 10 ... 

Agricultural workers often experience long-term low level pesticide exposures. In a study of 175 farm workers so exposed, it was found that chronic exposure (over many years) to low levels of pesticides produced neurological impairments similar to those observed in acute organophosphate pesticide poisonings. ... 

In a study on laboratory animals, it was shown that a mixture of five organophosphate pesticides produced greater than additive neurotoxic effects J6°l The five pesticides were... 

A study in Washington state found that maternal exposure to agricultural chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) produced an elevated risk of limb defects)23 ... 

Exposures to pesticides produce multiple systemic effects 19 Exposure to the organophosphate methyl parathion can cause cardiac arrest as well as neurological and respiratory effects. I20 ... 

Many products used by the agricultural industry are based on chemicals derived from hydrocarbons. DDT and chlordane are examples of pesticides produced from hydrocarbon chemicals in the past. During the height of their use, they made enormous increases in the yield of crops by reducing insect damage. Their use was discontinued because of their damage to other parts of the environment. 

The sediment samples taken in 1998 and 1999 from three locations at the Teltow Canal in Berlin situated near a former pesticides producing... 

Four sediment samples (Tla, Tib, T2, T3) obtained from three different sampling locations (see Fig. 1) were investigated by analyses of extractable and non-extractable organic components. The sampling locations were situated in the Teltow Canal near a former pesticide producing chemical plant. Former analyses applied to sediment samples from the same area indicated a high contamination with halogenated compounds and pesticides as a result of industrial emissions (Schwarzbauer et al. 2001). 

Most recent available data show, in 1989, that the combined annual use of maneb and mancozeb in the United States was 8,000-12,000 thousand pounds active ingredient (8-12 million pounds) (Bason and Colburn 1998), making maneb and mancozeb, collectively, the 16th most used pesticides. However, information regarding the quantity of specific pesticides produced or used is difficult to access because it is proprietary (Bason and Colburn 1998), and therefore, this is only an estimate. In 1989, forestry use of maneb and mancozeb, collectively, was less than 1,000 pounds active ingredient, and 1981 urban application was 32,000 pounds active ingredient. 

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