Synthetic musks

Synthetic lubricants Synthetic marble Synthetic membranes Synthetic methanol Synthetic musk Synthetic natural gas... 

Another significant use of 3-methylphenol is in the production of herbicides and insecticides. 2-/ f2 -Butyl-5-methylphenol is converted to the dinitro acetate derivative, 2-/ f2 -butyl-5-methyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl acetate [2487-01 -6] which is used as both a pre- and postemergent herbicide to control broad leaf weeds (42). Carbamate derivatives of 3-methylphenol based compounds are used as insecticides. The condensation of 3-methylphenol with formaldehyde yields a curable phenoHc resin. Since 3-methylphenol is trifunctional with respect to its reaction with formaldehyde, it is possible to form a thermosetting resin by the reaction of a prepolymer with paraformaldehyde or other suitable formaldehyde sources. 3-Methylphenol is also used in the production of fragrances and flavors. It is reduced with hydrogen under nickel catalysis and the corresponding esters are used as synthetic musk (see Table 3). 

Ben /ben ate [120-51-4] CgH COOCH2CgH, mp, 21°C, cff , 1.118 bp, 323—324°C at 101.3 kPa , 1.5681. This is a colorless, oily liquid with a faiat, pleasant aromatic odor and a sharp, burning taste. It occurs naturally iu Pern and Tolu balsams, is spariugly volatile with steam, and is iusoluble iu water. Benzyl benzoate is prepared commercially by the direct esterification of benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol or by reaction of benzyl chloride and sodium benzoate. The pleasant odor of benzyl benzoate, like other benzoic esters, has long been utilized iu the perfume iadustry, where it is employed as a solvent for synthetic musks and as a fixative. It has also been used iu confectionery and chewing gum flavors. 

Miscellaneous Derivatives. Fimehc acid is used as an intermediate in some pharmaceuticals and in aroma chemicals ethylene brassylate is a synthetic musk (114). Salts of the diacids have shown utUity as surfactants and as corrosion inhibitors. The alkaline, ammonium, or organoamine salts of glutaric acid (115) or C-5—C-16 diacids (116) are useflil as noncorrosive components for antifreeze formulations, as are methylene azelaic acid and its alkah metal salt (117). Salts derived from C-21 diacids are used primarily as surfactants and find apphcation in detergents, fabric softeners, metal working fluids, and lubricants (118). The salts of the unsaturated C-20 diacid also exhibit anticorrosion properties, and the sodium salts of the branched C-20 diacids have the abUity to complex heavy metals from dilute aqueous solutions (88). 

The cross-dimerization reaction is very commonly employed for the manufacture of intermediates for synthetic musks, which have become an important class of perfumery chemicals. Synthetic musks have been the target of extensive research over the years due to a conservation order placed on the musk deer. Nitro musks are being steadily replaced by non-nitro polycyclic musks becau.se of technical drawbacks and health aspects of the former, which are explosive, sensitive, and virtually nonbiodegradable. Non-nitro musks, on the other hand exhibit better stability to light and alkali, and more nearly duplicate the odour of the macrocyclic musks occurring in nature. Indian musk odorants are easily soluble in alcohol and perfume compositions. They have the added advantage of non-discoloration in soap and domestic products. In view of the low price, their future in the perfume industry appears very promising. 

Gatermann, R. Siselli, S. Huhnerfuss, H. Rimkus, G. G. Hecker, M. Karbe, L. 2002, Synthetic musks in the environment. Part 1 Species-dependent bioaccumulation of polycyclic and nitro musk fragrances in freshwater fish and mussels. Arch. Environ. Con. Tox. 42 437 46. 

HajSlova, J. and Setkova, L. 2004, Synthetic Musks in Bioindicators Monitoring Data of Fish and Human Milk Samples from the Czech Republic. The Handbook of EnvironmerUal Chemistry, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Germany Vol. 3X pp. 151-188. 

In addition, Greenpeace includes ALL synthetic musks, phthalates and alkylphenols on the banned substances list and has added PVC because some of these substances are mainly used as additives for PVC or created during its production, and because PVC hampers recycling of products. 

Abstract We have reviewed the human exposure to selected emerging organic contaminants, such new brominated flame retardants, organophosphate flame retardants, phthalate substitutes, triclosan, synthetic musks, bisphenol-A, perchlorate, and polycyclic siloxanes. Levels of these emerging contaminants in matrices relevant for human exposure (air, dust, food, water, etc.) and in human matrices (blood, urine, or tissues) have been reviewed, together with some of the relevant health effects reported recently. 

Musks are pleasant smelling fragrances found in various personal and home care products. Since the 1950s, the usage of natural musks has declined due to the relatively easy and inexpensive production of their synthetic counterparts. There are three major types of synthetic musks, nitro musks, polycyclic musks, and macro... 

Synthetic musks have been detected in human tissues (Table 8) due to their lipophilic nature and their low biodegradability. The occurrence of these fragrance-related chemicals is subjected to a variable pattern with substantial interindividual differences, opposed to other environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or pesticides [165]. 

The health effects are discussed for the most relevant synthetic musks present in human tissues (MK, MX, HHCB, and AHTN). It should be stressed that all synthetic musks undergo metabolism and health effects are thus influenced [190-193]. 

Wang H, Zhang J, Gao P, Yang Y, Duan H, Wu Y, Berset JD, Shao B (2011) Simultaneous analysis of synthetic musks and triclosan in human breast milk by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 879 1861-1869... 

Zhang X, Liang G, Zeng X, Zhou J, Sheng G, Fu J (2011) Levels of synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from three cities in the Yangtze River Delta in Eastern China. J Environ Sci 23 983-990... 

Kang CS, Lee JH, Kim SK, Lee KT, Lee IS, Park PS, Yun SH, Kannan K, Yoo YW, Ha JY, Lee SW (2010) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musks in umbilical cord Serum, maternal serum, and breast milk from Seoul, South Korea. Chemosphere 80 116-122... 

Hutter HP, Wallner P, Hartl W, Uhl M, Lorbeer G, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V, Kundi M (2010) Higher blood concentrations of synthetic musks in women above fifty years than in younger women. Int J Hyg Environ Health 213 124-130... 

Kallenbom R, Gatermaim R (2004) Synthetic musks in ambient and indoor air. In Rimkus G (ed) The handbook of environmental chemistry. Spring, Heidelberg, pp 85-104... 

Lu Y, Yuan T, Wang W, Kannan K (2011) Concentrations and assessment of exposure to siloxanes and synthetic musks in personal care products from China. Environ Pollut 12 3522-3528... 

Lignell S, Damerud PO, Aune M, Cnattingius S, Hajslova J, Setkova L, Glynn A (2008) Temporal trends of synthetic musk compounds in mother s milk and associations with personal use of perfumed products. Environ Sci Technol 42 6743-6748... 

Reiner JL, Wong CM, Arcaro KF, Kannan K (2007) Synthetic musk fragrances in human milk from the United States. Environ Sci Technol 41 3815-3820... 

The smell of musk is important in perfumes and cosmetics, and is obtained from the glands of small animals. There are several types of synthetic musk the aromatic musk is built on dinitrobenzene the steroid musk is built around cholesterol as four staggered fused rings and the macrocyclic musk is built on a 15-member carbon ring. Aside from the ability to elicit a pungent sensation in the nostrils and an emotional response of masculinity, we have not found the common structure responsible for these sensations. 

Synthetic musks are also desirable in consumer products because of their fixative properties. Much as they are classified into these two groups, the members within each group of synthetic musks are quite diverse and do not have a common chemical stmctme. Thus, even within each group, musks cannot be tmated as a single entity in terms of characteristics except for the musky scent common to aU musks. Cosmetics application and absorption from textiles is a major somce of HHCB and AHTN, materials that end up in the environment (Cadby et al., 2002). 

Eromme H., T. Otto, K. Pilz, and E. Neugebauer (1999). Levels of synthetic musks Bromocyclene and PCBs in eel (Anguilla anguilla) and PCBs in sediment samples from some waters of Berhn/Germany. Chemosphere 39 1723-1735. 

Gatermann R., S. Biselli, H. Huhnerfuss, G.G. Rimkus, M. Hecker, and L. Karbe (2002). Synthetic musks in the environment. Part 1 Species-dependent hioaccumulation of polycyclic and nitro musk fragrances in fi eshwater flsh and mussels. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 42 437-446. 

Nakata H. (2005). Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in marine mammals and sharks from Japanese coastal waters. Environmental Science and Technology 39 3430-3434. 

C17H24O, Mr 244.38, mp 35 °C, is a synthetic musk fragrance. It is prepared by Friedel-Crafts acetylation of 1,1,2,3,3,5-hexamethylindane, which can be obtained as a 70 30 mixture with l,l,3,5-tetramethyl-3-ethylindane by reacting a,p-dimethyl-styrene with amylenes or 2-methyl-2-butanol in a mixture of acetic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid [155] ... 

Synthetic musks are important ingredients for the fragrance industry. They are heavily used in laundry detergents, fabric softeners, cleaning products, air fresheners, and so on, and in cosmetic and personal hygiene products such as hand soap, shampoo, and perfume. Nitro, polycyclic, macrocyclic, and the newest dass, alicydic musks constitute the four major classes. The OSPAR (Oslo-Paris) Commission summarized information on their environmental behavior that was relevant to its charge, namely protection of the northeast Atlantic marine environment [37]. Most of the identified uses of synthetic musks are expected to lead to their release to... 

Dietrich, D.R. and Hitzfeld, B.C. (2004) Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of synthetic musks in the aquatic environment, in The Handbook of... 

Environmental Chemistry (ed. G.G. Rimkus), Vol. 3 Part X, Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Environment, Springer-Berlin, pp. 233-244. 

Synthetic musks mainly from two groups, aromatic nitro-musks (e.g., musk xylene and musk ketone) and polycyclic musks, are produced in great quantity because... 

Table 77.2 Concentrations of synthetic musks in indoor air ( TgnT3) and house dust (mgkg1) from apartments in Berlin, Germany (Fromme et al., 2004a).

---