Perfumed products

Steam distillation is a process whereby organic liquids may be separated at temperatures sufficiently low to prevent their thermal decomposition or whereby azeotropes may be broken. Fats or perfume production are examples of applications of this technique. The vapour-liquid equilibria of the three-phase system is simplified by the usual assumption of complete immiscibility of the liquid phases and the validity of the Raoult and Dalton laws. Systems containing more than one volatile component are characterised by complex dynamics (e.g., boiling point is not constant). 

Functionalization, silicone network preparation via, 22 568 Functionalized initiators, 14 255 Functional methacrylates, 16 240-242 Functional monomers methacrylate, 16 241-242 polymer colloid, 20 379-380 Functional perfume products, 18 354 Functional polyethylene waxes, 26 220 Functional properties, of wax, 26 215 Functional unit, in life cycle assessment, 14 809... 

Lignell S, Damerud PO, Aune M, Cnattingius S, Hajslova J, Setkova L, Glynn A (2008) Temporal trends of synthetic musk compounds in mother s milk and associations with personal use of perfumed products. Environ Sci Technol 42 6743-6748... 

Uses/Sources. Synthesis of fungicides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, flavorings, and perfumes production of propionates and cellulose propionate plastics present naturally in dairy products... 

Direct application of the perfumed product to the substrate (e.g. deodorant, cream)... 

Monoterpenes, 10-carbon-containing terpenoids, are composed of two isoprene units, and found abundantly in plants, e.g. (+)-limonene from lemon oil, and (—)-linalool from rose oil. Many monoterpenes are the constituents of plant volatile oils or essential oils. These compounds are particularly important as flavouring agents in pharmaceutical, confectionery and perfume products. However, a number of monoterpenes show various types of bioactivity and are used in medicinal preparations. For example, camphor is used in liniments against rheumatic pain, menthol is used in ointments and liniments as a remedy against itching, bitter-orange peel is used as an aromatic bitter tonic and as a remedy for poor appetite and thymol and carvacrol are used in bactericidal preparations. 

Traditionally, apricot oil is incorporated in cosmetic and perfume products such as soaps and creams. 

My young son s health was damaged by chemicals (in particular pesticides, insecticides and herbicides) and he was affected both mentally and physically. As an infant James had a major exposure to pesticides and he had severe reaction to vaccinations when he was four months old. Also, we had a flea plague here and our home was sprayed. He became very ill. When he was eighteen months old our home was renovated and painted with the normal toxic paint products. He continued to have exposures at school. I had no idea they were fogging the trees and around the classrooms with pesticides. At school he was also exposed to toxic paint products and cleaning products, chemical deodorizers in the toilets and chemically perfumed products on the staff and children. 

When you do find out through the doctors practicing environmental medicine what is wrong with your child (or yourself) and you need to avoid all chemical exposures (including chemically perfumed products), in most cases your family and friends are unwilling to comply — so you re in a lose-lose situation. 

When I keep James away from chemicals and chemically perfumed products and of course all food and drink containing chemicals, he has no more asthma. He is doing much better now at eighteen but is very lonely and of course, with no education, does not have much of a future to look forward to. I applied for a disability pension for James which was granted in July 2004. 

MCS has also had an enormous impact on my social life. Various friends have vanished into thin air. Half of my family members choose to smoke cigarettes and wear perfumed products instead of being able to visit me and I absolutely can t change this. All ( ) MCS patients have encountered these kinds of situations. 

The word "functional" in the title of this chapter may be thought of as redundant. One might argue that everything produced by humans, and certainly everything that is commercialized, has a function. Perfumers employ the expression "functional products" in a special way, that is, to denote all perfumed products other than alcoholic fragrances. The distinction is useful, and we will adopt it here. 

Tenacity refers to the long-term effectiveness of the fragrance in the perfumed product (as in a soap 1 or an extended action room freshener) or on the surface to which the product has been applied, for example, upon the skin after use of a toilet soap. In former days it was believed that tenacity depende upon the use of so-called fixatives (evaporation-retarding agents) in composing a perfume, today the opinion pervails that it is simply the resultant of the tenacity of the individual odorants used (Jellinek 1978). 

The volatility of a perfume material determines its staying power. The more volatile materials are the ones that evaporate more quickly they tend to dominate the top note of a perfume and to be evident, for example, when sniffing at a freshly opened bottle or jar of a perfumed product or when examining the material on a freshly dipped blotter. The least volatile materials are the ones that stay around, even on fabrics after washing with a perfumed detergent they are most noticeable in the base note of a complex perfume. Limonene and benzyl acetate, for example, have high volatility synthetic musks and benzyl salicylate have low volatility. 

The water solubilities of selected odorants are given in Tables 13.1-13.3, with Table 13.3 presenting the odorants in order of increasing solubility. Table 13.4 (page 164) indicates for the most important functional products whether perfume materials or high or low vapor pressure and water solubility are more advantageous in each particular case, considering both impact upon examination of the perfumed product in its container and retention after product application. In addition special chemical and other considerations relevant to the applications are indicated. 

Although the perfume oil is usually the first suspect whenever odor or color changes occur in a finished product, it is not always the culprit. Odor and color changes in the product base itself may occur due to oxidation, hydrolytic breakdown, complex formation, bacterial decomposition, or other causes. Sometimes the causes for instability are hard to track down, as in a case in the experience of one of the authors, where an off-odor in a cream was due to microbial breakdown that was made possible by absorption and inactivation of the preservative by the plastic container. It is always advisable to conduct a stability test of the unperfumed product along with the test of the perfumed product. 

It can therefore be stated generally that the odor of any perfumed product is affected by the product base in two ways (1) by the odor of the base itself and (2) by the way the base, through physical attraction forces, affects the odor of the perfume. Sometimes a third factor, chemical decomposition of the perfume by components of the base, enters the picture. This will be considered later. 

Although industrial interest in the synthesis of acetonitrile directly from C2 hydrocarbons is currently limited, with acetonitrile being mainly produced as a byproduct in acrylonitrile production, there are a number of indications regarding the future need of direct production of acetonitrile by C2 hydrocarbon (ethane, in particular) ammoxidation. In fact, acetonitrile is used as a solvent and also as an intermediate in the production of many chemicals, ranging from pesticides to perfumes. Production trends for acetonitrile generally follow those of acrylonitrile, but the growth rate for acetonitrile use is higher than that of acrylonitrile. The four... 

Oak moss resin is usually reported as a contact allergen in those who use perfumed products, but is also reported in rural and forestry workers (2). Perfumes are recognized as being potential sensitizers in soluble oils (3), but oak moss as a specific sensitizer within a coolant has not previously been reported. 

Organic acids are also beneficial for use in perfume production, pharmaceuticals, medicine, and the production of other chemicals. For example, cinnamic acid is synthesized on a commercial scale from styrene and carbon tetrachloride (Roller, 1995). Due to biodegradable properties, there is a growing demand for organic acids for the production of polymeric materials (Bailly, 2002). 

Sensory analysis is concerned with quantifying human responses to stimuli. It is a precise, descriptive and measuring technique that characterizes the stimulus. In this case, the particular concern is to evaluate the odour of a perfume, perfume ingredient or perfumed product. This is an important process in enabling the perfumer to understand and quantify the sensory characteristics of the product, as only then can they be manipulated in a controlled way as part of the creative process. 

Sensory analysis and market research rely on verbal or conscious measurement of an odour or perfumed product by a human respondent. Emotion is another aspect of product perception which is difficult... 

On physical appearance, the samples are checked for discoloration, separation, precipitation, changes in viscosity, etc. as appropriate to the product. A viewing cabinet can be useful for looking at the samples under consistent lighting conditions. An unperfumed sample or control is always tested alongside to compare with the perfumed products. An A-D scale is used, in which C or D are considered a failure. 

In conclusion, this is probably the most aggressive and potentially complex perfumed product out of the five. It is highly likely that the fine fragrance formulation will need to be significantly modified to be stable in this medium, whilst still giving the overall impression (in use) that it has essentially the same smell. 

Can cause damage to liver, lungs, and kidneys. May affect fertility and fetal development. Also found in nail polish and perfumed products. 

---