Umbilical cord serum

Kang CS, Lee JH, Kim SK, Lee KT, Lee IS, Park PS, Yun SH, Kannan K, Yoo YW, Ha JY, Lee SW (2010) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and synthetic musks in umbilical cord Serum, maternal serum, and breast milk from Seoul, South Korea. Chemosphere 80 116-122... 

Strannegard, I-L., Svennerholm, L., and Strannegard, O., Essential fatty acids in serum lecithin of children with atopic dermatitis and in umbilical cord serum of infants with high or low IgE levels, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 82, 422, 1987. 

Jaraezewska, K., Lulek, J., Covaci, A., Voorspoels, S., Kaluba-Skotarczak, A., Drews, K., Schepens, P. (2006) Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland ScL Total Environ., THl 20-31. 

Although researchers did not find any difference between fish consumption levels and total PCBs in umbilical cord serum, it was established that fish eaters had marked elevations of the most heavily chlorinated PCB homologues. In particular, levels of hepta- to nonachlorobiphenyls were greater in fish eaters than non-fish eaters (Stewart et al. 1999). Another study examined PCB concentrations in nine... 

Few reports exist relating to hyperzince-mia. Smith etal. (1976) and Smith (1977) were the first to describe an extremely high zinc concentration in plasma in five out of seven members of one family, and in two out of three second-generation individuals with no apparent clinical symptoms or abnormalities. Another three cases of chronic hyperzincemia in three brothers has been described by Failla etal. (1982). Zimmerman (1984) found increased zinc content in umbilical cord serum in eight of nine anencephalics and in three infants with spina bifida. Increased zinc levels... 

Geens T, Aerts D, Berthot C et al (2012) A review of dietary and non-dietary exposure to bisphenol-A. Eood Chem Toxicol 50(10) 3725—3740 Gerona RR, Woodruff TJ, Dickenson CA et al (2013) BPA, BPA glucuronide, and BPA sulfate in mid-gestation umbilical cord serum in a northern California cohort. Environ Sci Technol... 

S. Shimonovitz, D. Patz, P. Ever-Hadani, L. Singer, D. Zacut, G. Kidroni, M. Ron, Umbilical cord fluoride serum levels may not reflect fetal fluoride status, J. Perinat. Med. 23 (1995) 279-282. 

Steroids have been measured by GC-MS in umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, and infancy urine of affected infants, and almost no steroids are found [73]. Only traces of progesterone metabolites were detected. Serum samples from women carrying an LAH fetus have normal concentrations of progesterone metabolites, formed pla-centally, since this organ produces the hormone independently of the StAR protein mechanism. 

S. Bro, H. Berendtsen, J. Norgaard, P. J. Jorgensen, Serum selenium concentration in maternal and umbilical cord blood. Relation to course and outcome of pregnancy, J. Trace Elem. Electrol. Health Dis., 2 (1988), 165-169. 

In a prospective study of 10 pregnant women who were taking lithium before delivery lithium equilibrated completely across the placenta (ratio of umbilical cord lithium concentration to maternal blood = 1.05) across a wide range of maternal lithium serum concentrations (0.2-2.6 mmol/1) infant serum concentrations exceeding 0.64 mmol/1 were associated with lower Apgar scores, longer hospital stays, and higher rates of neuromuscular complications (492). 

TTV can be transmitted by blood products and through common parenteral routes (560, 563, 564) as well as by haemodialysis. (554, 556) TTV could also be detected in umbilical cord blood, so that a neonatal (in utero) transmission is to be considered. (558) The likelihood of enteric transmission has been shown by the finding of TTV DNA in breast milk, saliva, duodenal fluid, bile juice and faeces. There is a higher viral load in saliva than in the corresponding serum. (555,566) TTV displays ubiquitous diffusion in human tissue and is able to invade the central nervous system. (562) A high virus load has been demonstrated in patients with HCV-associated HHC. (568) Although TTV has been found in patients with a broad range of liver diseases, current... 

Transplacental transfer of nalbuphine was measured in eight mothers who underwent cesarean section and were given nalbuphine 200 pg/kg intravenously along with thiopental and suxamethonium. The umbilical cord/matemal vein ratio was 1.4 1 at delivery, which occurred at 2-10 minutes after nalbuphine injection. Mean Apgar scores at 1 minute were 6.6 and 8.5 at 5 minutes and did not correlate with either the serum nalbuphine concentration or the time between injection of nalbuphine and delivery (13). 

Polyclonal increases in serum immunoglobulins are the normal response to infections. IgG response predominates in autoimmune responses IgA in skin, gut, respiratory, and renal infections and IgM in primary viral infections and bloodstream parasites, such as malaria. Chronic bacterial infections may cause an increase in serum levels of all immunoglobulins. In such cases, estimations of the individual immunoglobulins seldom provide more information than protein electrophoresis. They are of value, however, in the differential diagnosis of liver disease and of intrauterine infections. In primary biliary cirrhosis, the IgM level is greatly increased in chronic active hepatitis, IgG and sometimes IgM are increased and in portal cirrhosis, IgA and sometimes IgG are increased. In intrauterine infections, production of IgM by the fetus increases, and the IgM level in umbilical cord blood is increased. Estimations of IgE are used in the management of asthma and other allergic conditions, especially in children. 

The interval for serum Na" is 136 to 145 mmol/L from infancy throughout life in one reference and 135 to 145 mmol/L in another. The interval for premature newborns at 48 hours is 128 to 148 mmol/L, and the value for umbilical cord blood from full-term newborns is -127 mmol/L. 

The answer is a. (Murray, pp 259-267. Scriver, pp 3827-3876. Sack, pp 97—158. Wilson, pp 287-320.) Most enzymes are expressed in chorionic villi or amniocytes and allow prenatal diagnosis of metabolic disorders through cell culture and enzyme assay. Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), or cordocentesis, offers another strategy if the enzyme is normally present in leukocytes. However, transabdominal aspiration of the umbilical cord is difficult and must be performed later in pregnancy (18-1-weeks) than CVS (8 to 10 weeks). OC-fetoprotein (AFP) is not known to be involved in any metabolic disorders, but it is used as an index of fetal tissue differentiation and integrity. Amniotic or maternal serum OC-fetoprotein (MSAFP) is most often used to detect, respectively, neural tube defects or... 

An important issue related to evaluating health effects of PCBs in humans is exposure assessment. Exposure to PCBs has been assessed by measuring PCBs in blood, breast milk, and adipose hssue. Umbilical cord blood also has been used to estimate exposure in utero. In addition, fish consumption has been utilized as surrogate of PCB exposure in some studies, but this measure of exposure has not always been reliable. Mean serum PCB levels range from 0.9-1.5 ppb (pg/L), in recent years, in individuals who do not have diets high in fish from waters contaminated with PCBs. In the absence of human data, environmental sampling (soil, sediment, air, food, water) has also been used to estimate exposure. 

There appears to have been no need to control for PCB exposure in the Seychelles, because PCB body burdens in that population are exceptionally low. In contrast to North America and Europe, where these contaminants are routinely detected in serum samples, 28 samples obtained from Seychelles study children showed no detectable eoncentrations of any PCB congeners. In the Faroe study, prenatal PCB exposure was measured in umbilical cord tissue rather than cord blood or maternal blood or milk, as in most previous studies, and specimens were... 

De Antoni et al.39 determined the levels of total and free serum tryptophan in newborn babies at birth, 1 day later, and 5 days after birth. As also described by others,40 total and free tryptophan levels were very high in the umbilical cord at birth, decreased quickly and significantly 24 h after birth, and showed a slight increase 5 days after birth. 

Sosenko, J. M., Kitzmiller, J. L., Fliickiger, R., Loo, S. W. H., Younger, D. M., and Gabbay, K. H., Umbilical cord glycosylated hemoglobin in infants of diabetic mothers Relationships to neonatal hypoglycemia, macrosomia, and cord serum C-peptide. Diabetes Care 5, 566-570 (1982). 

Hydrogen ion concentration, blood gases and serum lactate concentration can be measured in fetal blood. Such measurements are only requested when non-inva-sive investigations have indicated that the fetus is at risk. Fetal blood can be obtained by the technique of cordoccntcsis, where the blood is sampled from the umbilical cord through a fine needle inserted through the abdomen under ultrasound guidance. 

The total and ionic maternal serum calcium levels of 54 women with normal uncomplicated pregnancies were each significantly less than in normal cord serum collected from several umbilical cords and prior to placental separation. This is accounted for in terms of simple diffusion rather than increased protein binding [121]. The calcium ion-selective electrode has also established the existence of hypocalcaemia during normal uncomplicated pregnancies [122], the ionic serum calcium being 1.11 0.03,1.10 0.02 and 1.05 0.01 mmol dm", respectively, during the first, second, and third trimesters. Hypocalcaemia has also been studied in relation to recurrent apnea in premature infants [124]. 

Monroy R, Morrison K, Teo K, Atkinson S, Kubwabo C, Stewart B, Foster WG (2008) Serum levels of perfluoroalkyl compounds in human maternal and umbilical cord blood samples. Environ Res 108 56-62... 

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