Deer musk

CifiHjoO. A yellow liquid b.p. 330°C. The perfume base obtained from the scent glands of the Tibetan musk deer also available by synthesis. 

F.2 The compound mainly responsible for the odor of musk produced by musk deer is muscone, which has the molecular... 

The cross-dimerization reaction is very commonly employed for the manufacture of intermediates for synthetic musks, which have become an important class of perfumery chemicals. Synthetic musks have been the target of extensive research over the years due to a conservation order placed on the musk deer. Nitro musks are being steadily replaced by non-nitro polycyclic musks becau.se of technical drawbacks and health aspects of the former, which are explosive, sensitive, and virtually nonbiodegradable. Non-nitro musks, on the other hand exhibit better stability to light and alkali, and more nearly duplicate the odour of the macrocyclic musks occurring in nature. Indian musk odorants are easily soluble in alcohol and perfume compositions. They have the added advantage of non-discoloration in soap and domestic products. In view of the low price, their future in the perfume industry appears very promising. 

Mush, in soap bars, 22 742, 743 Musk deer, alkaloids in, 2 75 Muskellunge... 

Musks are important ingredients of fragrance formulations, but almost all the musks used are polycyclic aromatics produced chemically from petrochemi-cally derived raw materials. Naturally occurring musks include the macrocyclic lactones found in some plants, such as ambrette seedoil and galbanum, and the keto musks produced by some animals, such as musk deer and civet cats. 

We designate as natural all materials that are obtained from natural sources by the application of physical separation techniques such as distillation and extraction. Natural products have been used for many thousands of years as the raw materials of perfumery. Entire plants, flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, as well as woods, roots, and the resins they exude, are all sources of fragrance materials. Similarly the scent glands of animals such as the civet cat and the musk deer have been used since early civilization to provide perfume for humans. 

Sometimes, we use synthetic materials out of regard for nature. The prime example are the synthetic musks which have saved the musk deer from extinction. 

The musk glands of the male musk deer (Moschus moschifems) have been used in a number of ways because of their strong scent. In Asia, the glands are dried, and sold in powdered form as a sexual aid. Musk is also an important fixative in perfume and incense. Some mosques in the Middle East reportedly were built with musk mixed in with the mortar, which can still be smelled today. 

A variation of the Schmidt type reaction is the rearrangement of an azidocyc-loalkane, which is formed from the addition of hydrazoic acid to an cycloalkene. This reaction was used in the synthesis of muscopyridine (II/U4), a base isolated from the perfume gland of the musk deer [85]. In this context the reaction of II/115 as a model compound under the conditions of the Schmidt reaction gave a mixture of two compounds which after dehydrogenation yielded 11/116 and 11/117. The mechanism can be explained in terms of the migration of different bonds in the precursor. 

It is the pungent aroma that makes up the base-note of musk fragrances. Before chemists had determined its structure and devised a laboratory synthesis the only source of musk was the musk deer, now rare for this very reason. Muscone s skeleton is a 13-mcmbered ring of carbon atoms. 

Legends and old historical records prove that even in ancient times man has shown interest in odourous secretions of animals, such as the musk deer and the civet, to use in precious perfumes. This is the main reason why chemists have analysed, synthesized and mimicked the components of these secretions long before any insect pheromone was isolated and identified. 

There are mainly four aroma products from animal sources.112 In terms of extensive commercial use, all of them are substituted by synthetic materials. Musk113 is a material obtained from an abdominal gland (called musk pods) of the male musk deer. Civet113 extract is prepared from the perianal secretion of civet cat and exhibits a... 

The male musk deer, a small antlerless deer found in the mountain regions of China and Tibet, has long been hunted for its musk, a strongly scented liquid used in early medicine and later in perfumery. 

Derivation (Natural) Secretion from preputial follicles of the musk deer. Synthetic (1) Ketones and lactones with 15- or 16-carbon rings, structurally resembling the odoriferous principles of natural musk, civet, and musky-type plants. Among these are ambrettolide, civetone, muscone, exaltolide. (2) Nitrated compounds, usually nitrated ferf-butyl-tol-uenes or xylenes or related compounds. The three most commonly used in perfumery are musk am-brette, musk ketone, and musk xylene. 

Schmidt reaction [1, 446-447], In the course of studies of the odoriferous constituents of musk from the perfume gland of the musk deer, in addition to mus ... 

Musk A substance with a strong, penetrating odor, obtained from a musk deer. It was used as the basis for numerous perfumes. 

It is well known that macrocyclic ketones like muscone are produced by some mammals such as musk deer, civet cat, and Louisiana muskrat [153]. Some mammals also produce simple monolactones as shown in Table XII. They are rather large in size—up to 38-membered rings. 

The harvesting of animals for fragrance material is now illegal. In the past wild musk deer were killed for scent glands that yielded aromatic musk containing the cyclic ketone, muscone. The development of synthetic musks for the fragrance industry has helped save the musk deer from extinction. 

Around 75 % of all the raw materials for perfumery are produced by chemical synthesis. The remaining 25 % are obtained fi"om biological soruces like aromatic plants, which ate cultivated in the Mediterranean region, South-East Asia and Latin America. Of animal origin are musk (fi"om musk deer), civet (from... 

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