Sensation pungent

The smell of musk is important in perfumes and cosmetics, and is obtained from the glands of small animals. There are several types of synthetic musk the aromatic musk is built on dinitrobenzene the steroid musk is built around cholesterol as four staggered fused rings and the macrocyclic musk is built on a 15-member carbon ring. Aside from the ability to elicit a pungent sensation in the nostrils and an emotional response of masculinity, we have not found the common structure responsible for these sensations. 

Two of the sensations associable with trigeminal ganglion systems are the pungent sensation and the astrigent sensation. These sensations are elicitable from much of the oral cavity. 

Chloroacetone was introduced as a war gas in 1914. An airborne level of 605 ppm was found to be lethal for humans after 10 minutes, and 26ppm was intolerable after 1 minute of exposure. Effects of exposure are immediate lacrimation followed by irritation of the upper respiratory tract and a burning sensation on the skin. The odor is pungent and suffocating but is not considered adequate for warning. 

Chai Hu is pungent and neutral, and enters the Liver and Gall Bladder meridians. It is particularly effective in spreading Qi in the Shao Yang meridians, and in treating headache (especially on the lateral sides of the head) and a sensation of fullness in the hypochondriac region. When there is stagnation of Liver-Qi due to stress, which weakens the Defensive-Qi and leads to an exterior syndrome, Chai Hu can be selected. 

Dan Shen is cold and pungent, and enters the Heart meridian directly. It can cool the blood and reduce the heat in the blood. Its pungent nature disperses and dissolves the congealed blood and promotes blood circulation. It can also disperse constrained Qi in the chest. It is commonly used in combination with other chief herbs to reduce the heat at the Ying level and is a very effective herb to calm the mind and treat restlessness, irritability and a warm sensation in the chest caused by heat in the blood. 

Ban Xia is pungent and warm, and enters the Lung and Stomach meridians. As it can disperse the Qi, it can therefore eliminate dampness at the same time. It soothes the Stomach-Qi and can reduce the distending sensation in the stomach due to stagnation of the Qi and accumulation of dampness. 

Wu Zhu Yu is very pungent, bitter and hot, and enters the Liver, Spleen and Kidney meridians. It can warm the meridian, descend the Liver-Qi and treat ascending of the Liver-Qi due to excess cold in the Liver meridian. The indication is headache, particularly on the top of the head. In addition, Wu Zhu Yu can spread the Liver-Qi and can be used when the Liver-Qi attacks the Stomach, which manifests as cramping pain with a cold sensation in the Stomach and in the lateral sides of the lower abdomen, vomiting of clear fluid, and a wiry and slow pulse. This pattern can be found in disorders such as migraine, hypertension, peptic ulcer, chronic gastritis and dysmenorrhea. 

Sheng Jiang is pungent and warm, and primarily enters the Stomach and Lung meridians. It regulates the Qi, disperses cold and dampness, and soothes the Stomach-Qi. It treats cold sensation in the stomach, nausea and vomiting, such as after indulgence in cold food and drink, or in the common cold or influenza. 

Cao Dou Kou is pungent and warm, and enters the Spleen and Large Intestine meridians. It can effectively warm the Middle-Jiao, dry dampness and promote the Qi movement. It is often selected to treat abdominal distension and pain with cold sensation and poor digestion. 

Gan Jiang, the dry ginger, is very pungent and primarily enters the Spleen meridian. It disperses cold, dries dampness and treats abdominal pain with a cold sensation and a cramping nature. It can also treat diarrhea and poor appetite due to Yang deficiency of the Spleen. Combined with herbs that tonify the Spleen-Qi, it can improve the function of the Spleen-Yang. 

Ju He is pungent, bitter and neutral, and enters the Liver and Kidney meridians. It is effective for regulating Qi, dissipating nodules and stopping pain. According to the concept that seeds move downwards, it is especially applied to treat cold accumulation in the Liver meridian that is manifested as cramping pain on the lateral sides of the lower abdomen with a cold sensation, such as in dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, inguinal hernia and hydrocele of the testis. 

Hou Po is pungent and warm, and can remove the dampness from the Upper-, Middle- and Lower-Jiao. It can also remove phlegm, descend the Qi and reduce the fullness and distending sensation. It is... 

Yu Jin enters the Liver meridian primarily and the Heart meridian secondly. It is not only bitter and cold, but also pungent. Its function focuses on the Liver rather than the Heart. Its functions of promoting blood circulation and removing congealed blood are also stronger than those of Dan Shen. Moreover, Yu Jin can spread the Liver-Qi and clear Liver-heat. As an aromatic herb, it can also clear damp-heat and remove damp-heat obstruction in the Upper- and Middle-Jiao. It is an appropriate choice in a formula if there are symptoms of irritability, headache, a tight sensation in the chest, agitation, and a bitter and sticky taste in the mouth. 

Xi Xian Cao is pungent, bitter and cold, and enters the liver and Kidney meridians. It enters the deep regions of the body, the tendons and the bones. It searches out and expels wind, dampness and heat. It is selected when a Bi syndrome is at the active stage and the joints are swollen and painful with a burning sensation. Moreover, it can eliminate wind-dampness and treat heaviness and numbness of the limbs. Because it enters the Liver and Kidney meridians, Xi Xian Cao is especially effective in treating weakness and stiffness of the knees and back, pain of the bones, numbness and a tingling sensation of the limbs. 

Pungent components produce a hot sensation on the tongue or at the back of the throat. The most important species of this group are capsicum, ginger, pepper (black and white), mustard and horseradish. 

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