Triton surfactants

It was found that the effect of solvents and various surfactants Triton X-100, Twin-80, Brij-35 sodium laurylsulfate, sodium cetylsulfate, cetylpyridinium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on the luminescence intensity is insignificant. 

The apparent difference seems to be due to the difference in the binding constants of the complexes to micelles which is much larger in the lipophilic 38c than in the hydrophilic 38b complex27 . A somewhat different, but not an unusual micellar effect is observed in the case of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 as shown in... 

In addition, water motion has been investigated in reverse micelles formed with the nonionic surfactants Triton X-100 and Brij-30 by Pant and Levinger [41]. As in the AOT reverse micelles, the water motion is substantially reduced in the nonionic reverse micelles as compared to bulk water dynamics with three solvation components observed. These three relaxation times are attributed to bulklike water, bound water, and strongly bound water motion. Interestingly, the overall solvation dynamics of water inside Triton X-100 reverse micelles is slower than the dynamics inside the Brij-30 or AOT reverse micelles, while the water motion inside the Brij-30 reverse micelles is relatively faster than AOT reverse micelles. This work also investigated the solvation dynamics of liquid tri(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether (TGE) with different concentrations of water. Three relaxation time scales were also observed with subpicosecond, picosecond, and subnanosecond time constants. These time components were attributed to the damped solvent motion, seg-... 

Some typical areas for SFC comprise waxes, surfactants and dyes. Marked advantages of SFC over GC in the analysis of surfactants (e.g. ethoxylates) have been reported [246]. It is arguably the best chromatographic method for the separation of nonionic surfactants, as reviewed by Cserhati and Forgacs [306]. pSFC-UV-ELSD has been used for separation of oligomers of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 [249]. 

Normal-phase chromatography is still widely used for the determination of nonpolar additives in a variety of commercial products and pharmaceutical formulations, e.g. the separation of nonpolar components in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100. Most of the NPLC analyses of polymer additives have been performed in isocratic mode [576]. However, isocratic HPLC methods are incapable of separating a substantial number of industrially used additives [605,608,612-616], Normal-phase chromatography of Irgafos 168, Irganox 1010/1076/3114 was shown [240]. NPLC-UV has been used for quantitative analysis of additives in PP/(Irganox 1010/1076, Irgafos 168) after Soxhlet extraction (88%... 

The application range of cSFC-DFI-MS (Table 7.41) appears to be restricted either to the analysis of low-MW substances or to problems related to high-MW samples where low detection limits are not needed [124,444,445], The analysis of surfactants [446] by SFC-MS is frequently performed to demonstrate the feasibility of newly developed interface technology for practical applications. A rugged cSFC-MS method has been developed for the analysis of ethoxylated alcohols (AEs), which are non-ionic surfactants incorporated into a wide variety of industrial and consumer products [447]. cSFC-DFT-DFS was used for the analysis of low-MW, thermally unstable peroxides, and the higher-MW surfactants Triton X-100 and... 

Acridinium ester—labeled chemiluminescent probes have been utilized to detect the specific protein-coding transcripts and to distinguish between transcripts that code for the 190-kDa protein and the two closely related 210-kDa proteins. The assay is called the hybridization protection assay (D3). In this assay, RNA isolated from the patient s white blood cells is first amplified by PCR. The amplified product is incubated with the chemiluminescent probe. The unhybridized probe is removed by selective hydrolysis in sodium tetraborate buffer, containing surfactant Triton X-100 at pH 8.5, in an incubation step at 60°C for 6 min. After the sample is cooled to room temperature, the chemiluminescence of the hybridized probe is measured in a luminometer. The procedure is reported to detect one leukemic cell in a population of a million or more normal cells. It is also rapid, requiring less than 30 min. Its reliability has been attested to by correlation with results obtained on karyotypic and Southern blot analysis (D3). 

In a buffered anaerobic aqueous solution, p,//-DDE was transformed by powdered zero-valent iron at 20 °C with and without the surfactant Triton-Z-114. First-order degradation rates were 1.6 and 2.6/d without and with surfactant, respectively (Sayles et al., 1997). 

Surfactant (Triton X-100) stabilized Under UV light irradiation... 

Chemical procedures that produce less waste or less hazardous waste are said to be green because they reduce harmful environmental effects. In chemical analyses with dithizone, you can substitute aqueous micelles (Box 26-1) for the organic phase (which has traditionally been chloroform, CHC13) to eliminate chlorinated solvent and the tedious extraction.2 For example, a solution containing 5.0 wt% of the micelle-forming surfactant Triton X-100 dissolves 8.3 X 10 5M dithizone at 25°C and pH < 7. The concentration of dithizone inside the micelles, which constitute a small fraction of the volume of solution, is much greater than 8.3 X 10 5M. Aqueous micellar solutions of dithizone can be used for the spectrophotometric analysis of metals such as Zn(II), Cd(Il), Hg(Il), Cu(ll), and Pb(II) with results comparable to those obtained with an organic solvent. 

Sodium Metasiliate Sodium Tripolyphosphate Trisodium Phosphate Aerosol 22 Surfactant Triton CF-10... 

The successful use of commercial surfactants above CMC to increase the apparent water solubility of otherwise slightly soluble nonionic organic compounds is well documented (Kile and Chiou 1989 Smith et al. 1991). Kile and Chiou (1989) determined that the apparent water solubilities ofp,p -DDT and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene are increased by surfactants (Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Triton X-405, sodiumdodecylsulfate, and Brij 35) at concentrations above CMC. The apparent water solubility of p,p -DDT was increased two orders of magnitude by Triton X-114. It is believed that the inner region of a micelle acts as a nonpolar micellar pseudophase into which slightly water-soluble organic compounds can be solubilized (Kile and Chiou 1989 Smith et al. 1991 DiCesare and Smith 1994). 

A potential limitation of surfactant-enhanced desorption is the observation that sorbed surfactant molecules can increase the sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants (Edwards et al. 1994 Sun et al. 1995 Ko et al. 1998). Sun et al. (1995) reported that the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 increased the sorption of p,p -DDT, 2,2 ,4,4 ,5,5 -PCB, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to a soil (joc= 0.001) at concentrations below CMC. At concentrations above CMC, the distribution coefficients (Kp) of the DDT and PCB studied were reduced to levels below their respective values in pure water. However, at a surfactant concentration of five times CMC, the Kp of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was still a factor of three higher than Kp in pure water. Edwards et al. (1994) and Ko et al. (Ko et al. 1998) reported similar results for different groups of surfactants. 

Scheme 6 Lipophilic cyclen, its zinc(II) complex, and neutral surfactant Triton X-100.

CL systems other than luminol have also been used, such as the Ru(bpy)2+ (or TBR) system. Chemical reaction of TBR has been achieved by oxidation using cerium(IV) sulfate [283,722] or lead oxide [722]. The addition of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-45) strongly enhanced the CL emission [722]. The TBR system has been applied on a glass chip for the determination of alkaloids, such as codeine [722], or atropine and pethidine [283]. 

Noncovalent functional strategies to modify the outer surface of CNTs in order to preserve the sp2 network of carbon nanotubes are attractive and represent an effective alternative for sidewall functionalization. Some molecules, including small gas molecules [195], anthracene derivatives [196-198] and polymer molecules [118, 199], have been found liable to absorb to or wrap around CNTs. Nanotubes can be transferred to the aqueous phase through noncovalent functionalization of surface-active molecules such as SDS or benzylalkonium chloride for purification [200-202]. With the surfactant Triton X-100 [203], the surfaces of the CNTs were changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, thus allowing the hydrophilic surface of the conjugate to interact with the hydrophilic surface of biliverdin reductase to create a water-soluble complex of the immobilized enzyme [203]. 

Figure 9.20. SEC separation of oligomers in a commercial surfactant (Triton X-45). From K. M. Bombaugh, W. A. Dark, and R. F. Levangie, Separ. Sci. 1968, 3, 375 courtesy of Marcel Dekker.

II 000 cm-1). Nevertheless, the photophysics of lanthanide porphyrinates is attractive because it could be of great help in medicine. For instance, hematoporphyrin derivatives are known to accumulate in malignant tumours and are used in medical diagnosis and photodynamic therapy of cancer. It is noteworthy that the Yb(III) complex with meso-tetra(3-pyridyl)porphyrin displays a substantial quantum yield (1.4%) when inserted into micelles formed by the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100, a medium that can be considered as a model for biological tissues. 

A more common situation is the effect of adsorption on the stability of a suspension. This may be favourable (by modifying, for example, the surface charge of the particles, or by increasing the distance between particles) or unfavourable. Such an example of the latter effect was found with non-ionic surfactant Triton TX-100 and silica suspensions. It was found that the adsorption produced micelle-like aggregates which underwent flocculation by a bridging mechanism (Giordano-Palmino et al.,... 

Fig. 6.11. Kinetic curves of foam column destruction under pressure drop surfactant Triton-X-100 (0.5...

In Fig. 2, the weight ratio mx/m2 of hydrocarbon to water is plotted as a function of the concentration of surfactant in the continuous phase (in weight percent) when sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is employed as emulsifier. The above ratio is calculated for the point at which a small amount of hydrocarbon remains as a distinct phase. The ratio mjm2 depends upon the nature of the hydrocarbon employed and increases with the surfactant concentration, more rapidly at lower concentrations. A similar behavior was observed for a non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100 (Fig. 3), but the values of mllm2 are smaller in this case than in Fig. 2. This happens because the electrostatic repulsion responsible for the stability of the concentrated emulsion containing SDS is stronger than the steric repulsion involved in the stability of the emulsion containing Triton X-100. 

Fig. 3. Plot of m,/m2 against weight percentage of surfactant (Triton X-100) in the continuous phase at room temperature O, n-pentane A, n-hexane , n-heptane , cyclohexane , decane...

Tong and Glesmann (1957a) have investigated the influence of a non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100, on the dissociation constants of a... 

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