Sulfones adverse effects

The color is adversely effected mainly by impurities in the LAB. In such cases LAB is refined before sulfonation with sulfuric acid. If the neutral oil content (paraffin hydrocarbons, sulfones, and/or unsulfonated LAB) is too high, the surfactant properties of the LAB are negatively affected. In such cases, for example, the paraffins are removed prior to sulfonation by treatment with molecular sieves [152]. 

Several studies have suggested that some critical adverse effects like peroxisome proliferation, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity may be associated with chemical exposure to PFCs, particularly to PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), two ubiquitous persistent organic pollutants with possible environmental and human health risks. 

Dapsone is a sulfone that, like sulfonamides, inhibits dihydrofolate synthesis (p. 272). It is bactericidal against susceptible strains of M. leprae. Dapsone is given orally. The most frequent adverse effect is methemoglobinemia with accelerated erythrocyte degradation (hemolysis). 

Ligno sulfonate admixtures can be used to produce concrete of a required workability and strength characteristic at lower cement contents than the comparative plain concrete with no adverse effect on the durability of the concrete or total structure. The only exception to this rule would be in conditions where high-sulfate ground waters may be involved when the minimum cement contents of relevant codes of practice should be observed. 

Use these data to criticize or defend the following propositions (a) The CMC is a good indicator of a surfactant s adsorption effectiveness since the AG° values for adsorption and micellization both show parallel changes with increasing chain length, (b) The dodecyl benzene sulfonates have some of the most favorable AG° values among the data shown this shows that branching has no adverse effect on either adsorption or micellization. 

Dapsone (Avlosulfon) is a member of a class of chemical agents known as the sulfones. Dapsone is especially effective against M. leprae and is used with rifampin as the primary method of treating leprosy. Dapsone appears to exert its antibacterial effects in a manner similar to that of the sulfonamide drugs that is, dapsone impairs folic acid synthesis by competing with PABA in bacterial cells. Primary adverse effects associated with dapsone include peripheral motor weakness, hypersensitivity reactions (skin rashes, itching), fever, and blood dyscrasias, such as hemolytic anemia. 

This chapter focuses on the 12 most toxic POPs subject to control of the Stockholm Convention. It is recognized that there are other POPs which have been demonstrated to elicit adverse effects of toxicological significance on human health and the environment, for which international agreement has yet to be reached on their inclusion in the Convention list. Indeed, five new POPs candidates (hexabromobiphenyl (6-PBB), pent-abromodiphenyl ether (PBDE), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), chlordecone and lindane) were proposed and considered at the First Meeting of the POPs Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention in November 2005 (UNEP, 2005). The challenge is for the local scientific... 

Detergent-dispersant interactions at surfaces. In 4-ball wear tests, an ashless dispersant was found to have an adverse effect on ZDDP-sulfonate-carbonate hardcore RM additives. A high molecular weight Schiff base had the worst effect, followed by a bis-PIBS m-PIBS had the least adverse effect. Interactions among additives affects valve train wear. One of the effects is that a succinimide together with other additives increases the decomposition temperature of ZDDP (Ramakamur, 1994 Shirahama and Hirata, 1989). 

Hemorrhagic cystitis and bladder cancer are well-known complications of cyclophosphamide. The damage to the urinary bladder epithelium is caused by acrolein, a metabolite of cyclophosphamide that is excreted in the urine. In bone marrow transplant recipients, prior administration of busulfan, which itself causes hemorrhagic cystitis, can increase this risk (23). Mesna (2-mercaptoethane sodium sulfonate) is used to prevent this adverse effect. It is excreted by the kidney, and it binds and detoxifies acrolein in the urine mesna also prevents the breakdown of acrolein precursors. Intravesical prostaglandin E2 has been suggested as an alternative treatment (23). 

The sulfone acedapsone (rINN) (4,4 -diacetyldiaminodi-phenylsulfone, DADDS) is the diacetyl derivative of dapsone with a long half-life (7). However, its plasma concentrations are much lower than those of dapsone and it could enhance the emergence of resistant strains of Mycobacterium leprae. Its adverse effects are similar to those of dapsone, which it can replace if gastrointestinal symptoms become severe. It is available in an enteric-coated formulation, given in a dosage of 330 mg/day. 

Janndice and hepatitis can occnr as part of the sulfone syndrome with dapsone (26). Previons liver damage can predispose to serions hepatic or other adverse effects. 

Dimercaptopropane sulfonate is the treatment of choice for acute arsenic poisoning and has been used safely in high doses (15.25 g in 12 days, first intravenously and later orally) in a 21-year-old man who swallowed about 1000 mg or more of arsenic trioxide (1). There were no adverse effects. A modest transient increase in serum transaminases was thought to have been due to the arsenic. 

Reported adverse effects of dimercaptopropane sulfonate include nausea, vertigo, headache, weakness, pruritus, and allergic reactions, such as rashes (3-6). Nausea can occur after both oral and intravenous administration. 

Polystyrene sulfonic acid has been used as sodium, potassium, and calcium salts. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate has been used to treat hyperkalemia in patients with renal insufficiency and as an adjuvant during hemodialysis. It can be given orally or rectally in all age groups (1). It has also been added to feeding formulae and nutritional supplements to reduce their potassium contents and so prevent hyperkalemia however, the reduction in potassium content was more than balanced by a concomitant increase in sodium content, presumably because of exchange of the sodium with calcium and magnesium (2,3). The uses and adverse effects of sodium polystyrene sulfonate have been reviewed (4,5). 

Several reports have suggested that triclabendazole may be of use in the treatment of Fasciola hepatica infection. In 20 patients with fascioliasis treated with two single doses of triclabendazole 10 mg/kg, the plasma concentrations of triclabendazole, its active metabolite triclabendazole-SO, and its sulfone metabolite were doubled by food (1). There were no serious adverse effects, except for some right-sided upper abdominal pain in several patients, which was relieved by oral spasmolytics. Triclabendazole should be administered with food. 

Structural modifications of polyaniline have mainly been exploited to achieve improved processability and environmental stability. In general, the substituted polyanilines can be obtained via oxidative polymerization of the corresponding monomer. However, inductive and steric effects can make such monomers difficult to polymerize [42]. Several substituted polyanilines have been prepared by varying the nature (alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, etc.) and the position (2- vs 3-, 5-positions) of the substituent [24, 27-32, 34, 37, 43, 44]. These studies have shown that regardless of the nature and position of the substituent group, there is an adverse effect on polymerization and the properties of the polymer such as conductivity and electroactivity. To overcome these limitations, various synthetic methods have been developed to prepare self-doped sulfonated polyanilines. These methods involve controlled postpolymerization modifications by synthetic reactions on the whole polymer and copolymerization of less reactive monomers with aniline as described below. 

---