Sulfonated polyaniline

It is also possible to polymerize the 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid to produce polymetanilic acid which is also soluble. Thus, preparation of a solid polymer of this type is not possible in aqueous acidic solutions, but it may be possible in a neutral solution of aqueous-organic mixed medium. However, to exhibit the electrical and electrochemical properties, protonation of the imine nitrogen of the PANI backbone in poly(metanilic acid) is necessary, which requires an acidic solution. An acid group-substituted, self-doped PANI has better electrical and electrochemical properties over a wider pH range. 

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Narasimhan, M. Hagler, M. Cammarata, V. Thakur, M. 1998. Junction devices based on sulfonated polyaniline. Appl. Phys. Lett. 72 1063-1065. 

Note 4 A polymer that shows electric conductivity due to the transport of ionic species is called an ion-conducting polymer an example is sulfonated polyaniline. When the transported ionic species is a proton as, e.g., in the case of fuel cells, it is called a protonconducting polymer. 

LB films prepared from poly-thiophene-3-acetic acid stearylamine or sulfonated polyaniline stearylamine polyion complexes, transferred to substrates, and doped by SbCls Absorption and infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, and conductivity measurements Lateral d.c. conductivities of doped films were moisture dependent and were as high as 2 S cm"molecular organization consisted of randomly oriented polymers lying as extended chains parallel between the substrates and sandwiched between layers of stearylamine molecules whose chains were interdigitated 772... 

The synthesis of self-doped conducting polyaniline was achieved by sulfonation of the aromatic units with fuming sulfuric acid. The sulfonated polyaniline has a conductivity of 0.1 S/cm, which is independent of pH [191]. 

Figures Schematic illustrations of (a) 50% sulfonated and (b) 100% sulfonated polyanilines (self-doped forms).

BIDS diaminodiethyl disulfide PEI-polyethylene imine AAOD Amino acid oxidase ARP Arthromyces ramosus LDL Lower limit of detection LBL Layer by layer SPAN Sulfonated polyaniline. 

FIGURE 9.1. Repeat units of the pyridine-containing polymers and other polymers used in the study (a) poly(p-pyridine) (PPy) (b) poly(/ -pyridyl vinylene) (PPPyV) (c) copolymer of PPY and PPyV [PPyVP(R)2V] (d) wrapped copolymer of pyridylvinylene and penylenevinylene ( PPyVPV) (e) wrapped copolymer of dithienylene and phenylene ( PTP) (f) emeraldine base (EB) form of polyaniline (g) sulfonated polyaniline (SPAN). 

Polydimethylsiloxane and Zr oxo species have been reacted to give hybrid materials which were characterized by solid-state NMR.149 TEOS/PEG (polyethylene glycol) materials are biphasic systems. The materials were studied by 13C NMR, EPR, and thermal analysis.150 Other systems studied include titania/polyvinylacetate,151 titania/PEG,152 silica/polyacrylates,153 polyimide/ silica,154"156 linseed oil alkyds/titania,157 and PVC/titania and vanadia/sulfonated polyaniline... 

Sulfonated polyaniline/poly(3-methylthiophene)-based photovoltaic devices. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 10, 24—27. 

Since multiple electrical and optical luiiclioiialily must be combined in the fabrication of an OLED, many workers have turned to the techniques of molecular self-assembly in order to optimize the microstructure of the materials used. In turn, such approaches necessitate the incorporation of additional chemical fimctionality into the molecules. For example, the successive dipping of a substrate into solutions of polyanion and polycation leads to the deposition of poly-ionic bilayers [59, 60]. Since the precursor form of PPV is cationic, this is a very appealing way to tailor its properties. Anionic polymers that have been studied include sulfonated polystyrene [59] and sulfonated polyaniline [59, 60]. Thermal conversion of the precursor PPV then results in an electroluminescent blended polymer film. 

Conducting electroactive polymers (CEPs) such as polypyrrole, poly thiophene, polyaniline, and sulfonated polyaniline (1-4 shown subsequently) are complex, dynamic structures that captivate the imagination of those of us involved in intelligent material research.1 2 3 4 5... 

An interesting option in terms of dopants is to incorporate an inherently conducting polymer such as a sulfonated polyaniline (PMAS Figure 2.8) as the molecular dopant. An interesting electrically conducting hydrogel (>90% [w/w] H20) with multiple electrochemical switches is the result.66... 

We have employed a related approach in generating films containing alternating layers of the anionic, water-soluble sulfonated polyaniline PMAS 9 and the polycation, poly(vinylpyridine).164 The analogous self-assembly of multilayer films of the sulfonated SPAN 8 and the light-sensitive polycation, diazoresin, has also been described recently.165... 

FIGURE 7.11 Electrospun fibers of poly(vinylalcohol) containing sulfonated polyaniline. 

Ru(terpy)2]2 + centers have also been polymerized using the phenylene vinylene bridge [73]. The polymers 36, when deposited with sulfonated polyaniline in alternating layers, give a light sensitive material, which exhibited a photocurrent of ca. 10/rAcm-2 and a photovoltage of ca. 0.8 V on irradiation. 

Sulfonated polyaniline (SPAn) is of interest because of its unusual physical properties and improved processability, and it is easy to process into supramolecular films... 

Figure 2.4 shows the optical spectra of polystyrene sulfonate/polyaniline (PSS/PANl) as a function of a number of bilayers from 1 to 25. It reveals the two sharp absorption... 

Self-assemble monolayers Tin oxide Sulphur dioxide Sulfonated polyaniline Tantalum oxide Titanium oxide... 

A multilayer film assembled from highly sulfonated polyaniline and diazoresin has been studied with PCS [746]. The PCS response agrees with the optical absorption spectrum, implying that the multilayer film is responsible for photocurrent generation. 

L. Zhang, X. Jiang, L. Niu, and S. Dong, Syntheses of fully sulfonated polyaniline nanonetworks and its application to the direct electrochemistry of C3hochrome C, Biosens. Bioelectron., 21, 1107-1115 (2006). 

J. Yuan, Z. Wang, Q. Zhang, D. Han, Y. Zhang, Y. Shen, and L. Niu, Controlled synthesis of 2D Au nanostructure assembly with the assistance of sulfonated polyaniline nanotubes. 

Fig. 3. (a) Polyorthotoluidene (emeraldine base form) (b) sulfonated polyaniline (self-doped salt form). 

Similar methodologies were adopted by the same group in creating multilayer assemblies of human SO and cytochrome c. Negatively charged poly-sulfonated polyaniline was used to separate and stabilize the predominantly positively charged human SO cytochrome c (1 20) layers and up to 17 layers were deposited on the electrode. 

FIGURE 18.10 Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of thin films of highly sulfonated polyaniline deposited from solution (HSPAN) and similar material synthesized by reduction of emeraldine salt by sulphite ion followed by oxidation (ES + HS03 - - O2). (Reprinted from Barbero, C., H.l. Salavagjone, D.E Acevedo, D.E. Grumelli, F. Garay, G.A. Planes, G.M. Morales, and M.C. Miras. Electrochim. Acta., 49, 3671—3686, 2004. With permission.)... 

Tatsuma, T., T. Ogawa, R. Sato, and N. Oyama. 2001. Peroxidase-incorporated sulfonated polyaniline-polycation complexes for electrochemical sensing of H2O2. / Electroanal Chem 501 180. 

Strounina, E.V., et al. 2003. Conformational changes in sulfonated polyaniline caused by metal salts and OH. Synth Met 135-136 289. 

Tanaka, A., W. Takashima, and K. Kaneto. 2004. Enhanced swelling behaviors of polypyrrole film doped with sulfonated polyaniline. Chem Lett 33 1470. 

The material was found to be a better conductor than sulfonated polyaniline and more thermally stable. 

Electrically conductive polyurethane membranes based on CO and doped with sulfonated polyaniline were prepared and characterized [ 108]. Their Tgs varied from 8 to 28°C, depending on the NCO/OH ratio. 

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