Formula feed

There have been occasional case-reports of infants with goiter and hypothyroidism associated with soy-based infant formula consumption (Tuohy, 2003). There has been one case control study, by Fort et al. (1990), which suggested a higher prevalence of soy-based formula feeding in infants with subsequent autoimmune thyroid disease. However, an alternative explanation may be a greater tendency for atopic infants (who may be more likely to be fed soy-based infant formulas) to have such antibodies. 

Fort, P., Moses, N., Fasano, M., Goldberg, T. and Lifshitz, F. (1990). Breast and soy-formula feedings in early infancy and the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in children, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 9, 164-167. 

Despite the fact that most drugs are excreted into breast milk in amounts too small to adversely affect neonatal health, thousands of women taking medications do not breast-feed because of misperception of risk. Unfortunately, physicians contribute heavily to this bias. It is important to remember that formula feeding is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in all socioeconomic groups. 

Infant formula feeds now contain the oligosaccharides GOS and FOS with more of the former than the latter, the ratio being around 90% to 10%. Feeding a baby the new kind of formula feed leads to levels of acid that are more in accord with what is found with babies fed on breast milk and this reflects the improved composition of bacteria in the baby s intestines. 

Isaacs, C.E., Kashyap, S., Heird, W.C.,Thormar, H. 1990. Antiviral and antibacterial lipids in human milk and infant formula feeds. Arch. Dis. Child. 65, 861-864. 

The human infant s gut microflora begins to establish Itself after birth, and consists mainly of Bifidobacteria when its fixjd is breast milk. However, with formula feeding the gut microhora consists of a mixture of bacteria spedes resembling that in the adult gut (Gibson and Koberfroid, 1W). 

Heiskanen K, Salmenpera L, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. Infant vitamin B-6 status changes with age and with formula feeding. Am J Clin Nutr 1994 60(6) 907-10. 

Kallio, M., Salmenpera, L., Siimes, M., Perheentupa, J., Gylling, H., and Miettinen, T. A. (1997). Apoprotein E phenotype determines serum cholesterol in infants during both high-cholesterol breast feeding and low-cholesterol formula feeding. /. Lipid Res. 38, 759-764. 

Babies should continue to be fed as normal, whether by breast or bottle. Formula feeds should be diluted to quarter-strength, and built back up to normal over 3 days. During this period, babies should be fed more frequently than normal and feeds should be supplemented with ORT. 

Nduati R, John G, Mbori-Ngacha D, et al. Effect of breastfeeding and formula feeding on transmission of HIV-1. JAMA 2000 283 1167-1174. 

During 1998-2000, June-July, we collected 48 adult L. nuchalis from Hamanako Bay and kept them in 1,000 L aquaria for use in experiments. Seawater from Hamanako Bay (25°C, Sal 30-33 7qo ) was introduced into aquaria at 2 L/min, after passing through charcoal and glass fiber filters. Laboratory bred apo-symbiotic juvenile L nuchalis were raised as described. Adults and juveniles were fed newly hatched Anemia nauplii and particulate formula feed (Kyowa Co. Japan). Stock aquaria were illuminated 08 30 to 18 00 by fluorescent light (>500 lux). 

Variances in iodine content of formula feeds, and the limited number of studies, emphasize the need for carefully-conducted research to investigate the infiuences of gestation, postnatal age, intercurrent illnesses, and so on, on iodine homeostasis in preterm infants. 

While most children with physiologic GER will naturally outgrow the reflux, those children with underlying abnormalities will not (Boix-Ochoa and Canals 1976). The initial treatment for GER is most commonly thickening of the infant s formula, feeding smaller amounts per meal and maintaining the... 

A relevant question then as a consequence of this work is whether human infants given formulas containing low levels of n-3 fatty acids may have functional losses in spatial task performance. Lx)sses in brain DHA and considerable elevations in 22 5n-6 have been observed in human infants after formula feeding (45,46). The magnitude of these brain fatty acyl compositional changes is not of the magnitude produced in this work in which the diets were nearly devoid of n-3 fatty acids. 

On the basis of the various studies undertaken, the postnatal fall in the serum level may represent the effect on the premature infant of three unrelated factors (1) an inadequate supply of tocopherol in artificial formula feed. (2) excessive demand for tocopherol represented by the marked increase in body mass of the premature infant during the first several months of extrauterine life. (3) possible redistribution due to a rapidly expanded blood volume and accumulation of adipose tissue. 

Comparative Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Serum and Urine Organic Acids in the Newborn Before and After Formula Feeding... 

Le Huerou-Luron I, Blat S, Boudry G. Breast- v. formula-feeding impacts on the digestive tract and immediate and long-term health effects. Nutr Res Rev. 2010 23 23-36. 

Magne F, Hachelaf W, Suau A, et al. Effects on faecal microbiota of dietary and acidic oligosaccharides in children during partial formula feeding. / Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 46 580-588. 

Breast feeding of children should be encouraged for a variety of reasons (Jelliffe Jelliffe, 1971). When formula feeding is used, however, it would seem desirable from a nutritional point of view to use a formula with a composition patterned as nearly as possible on the normal composition of human milk. This should also apply to the fatty acid composition of the fat used in the formula. 

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